Supply and

Demand I:
How Markets
Work
In this chapter you will…
• Learn the nature of a competitive market.
• Examine what determines the demand for
a good in a competitive market.
• Examine what determines the supply of a
good in a competitive market.
• See how supply and demand together set
the price of a good and the quantity sold.
 THE MARKET FORCES OF
SUPPLY AND DEMAND
• Supply and Demand are the two
words that economists use most
often.
• Supply and Demand are the forces
that make market economies work!
• Modern microeconomics is about
supply, demand, and market
equilibrium.
 DEMAND

• Quantity Demanded refers to the

amount (quantity) of a good that
buyers are willing to purchase at
alternative prices for a given period.
 Determinants of Demand :
Demand Function
• What factors determine how much you will
really purchase?
1) Product’s Own Price
2) Consumer Income
3) Prices of Related Goods
4) Tastes
5) Expectations – future price or future income
6) Number of Consumers
7) Various Environmental factors
8) Social or demographic factors
Individual Consumer’s Demand
QdX = f(PX, I, PY, T)
1) Price

Law of Demand
– The law of demand states that,
other things equal, the quantity
demanded of a good falls when
the price of the good rises.
2) Income

• As income increases the

demand for a normal good will
increase.
• As income increases the
demand for an inferior good will
decrease.
3) Prices of Related Goods

Prices of Related Goods

– When a fall in the price of one
good reduces the demand for
another good, the two goods are
called substitutes.
– When a fall in the price of one
good increases the demand for
another good, the two goods are
called complements.
4) Others

• Tastes If there is a change in tastes in

favour of a product, more will be demanded at
each price.

• Expectations Expecting change in

income or price of good in future.

• Social and Demographic

factors
 The Demand Schedule and the
Demand Curve
 The demand schedule is a table that
shows the relationship between the
price of the good and the quantity
demanded.
 The demand curve is a graph of the
relationship between the price of a
good and the quantity demanded.
 Ceteris Paribus: “Other thing being
equal”
Table 4-1: Catherine’s Demand Schedule

Price of Ice-cream Quantity of cones

Cone ($) Demanded
0.00 12
0.50 10
1.00 8
1.50 6
2.00 4
2.50 2
3.00 0
 Figure 4-1: Catherine’s Demand Curve
Price of Ice-
Cream
Cone

$3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

2 4 12 Quantity of
0 6 8 10 Ice-Cream
Cones
 Market Demand Schedule

• Market demand is the sum of all individual

demands at each possible price.
• Graphically, individual demand curves are
summed horizontally to obtain the market
demand curve.
• Assume the ice cream market has two
buyers as follows…
 Table 4-2: Market demand as the Sum of
Individual Demands
Price of Ice-cream
Catherine Nicholas Market
Cone ($)

0.00 12 + 7 = 19
0.50 10 6 16
1.00 8 5 13
1.50 6 4 10
2.00 4 3 7
2.50 2 2 4
3.00 0 1 1
 Figure 4-3: Shifts in the Demand Curve
Price of Ice-
Cream
Cone

Increase
in demand

Decrease
in demand

D2
D1

D3
Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones
Table 4-3: The Determinants of Quantity
Demanded
 Shifts in the Demand Curve versus
Movements Along the Demand Curve
 Figure 4-4 a): A Shifts in the Demand Curve
Price of
Cigarettes,
per Pack.
A policy to discourage
smoking shifts the demand
curve to the left.

B A
$2.00

D1

D2
0 10 20 Number of Cigarettes
Smoked per Day
 Figure 4-4 b): A Movement Along the
Demand Curve
Price of
Cigarettes,
per Pack.
C A tax that raises the price
of cigarettes results in a
$4.00 movements along the
demand curve.

A
$2.00

D1

0 12 20 Number of Cigarettes
Smoked per Day
 SUPPLY

• Quantity Supplied refers to the

amount (quantity) of a good that
sellers are willing to make available
for sale at alternative prices for a
given period.
 Determinants of Supply

• What factors determine how much

ice cream you are willing to offer or
produce?
1) Product’s Own Price
2) Input prices
3) Technology
4) Expectations
5) Number of sellers
1) Price

Law of Supply
– The law of supply states that,
other things equal, the quantity
supplied of a good rises when the
price of the good rises.
 The Supply Schedule and the
Supply Curve
 The supply schedule is a table that
shows the relationship between the
price of the good and the quantity
supplied.
 The supply curve is a graph of the
relationship between the price of a
good and the quantity supplied.
 Ceteris Paribus: “Other thing being
equal”
Table 4-4: Ben’s Supply Schedule

Price of Ice-cream Quantity of cones

Cone ($) Supplied
0.00 0
0.50 0
1.00 1
1.50 2
2.00 3
2.50 4
3.00 5
 Figure 4-5: Ben’s Supply Curve
Price of Ice-
Cream
Cone

$3.00

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones
 Market Supply Schedule

• Market supply is the sum of all individual

supplies at each possible price.
• Graphically, individual supply curves are
summed horizontally to obtain the market
supply curve.
• Assume the ice cream market has two
suppliers as follows…
 Table 4-5: Market supply as the Sum of
Individual Supplies
Price of Ice-cream
Ben Nicholas Market
Cone ($)

0.00 0 + 0 = 0
0.50 0 0 0
1.00 1 0 1
1.50 2 2 4
2.00 3 4 7
2.50 4 6 10
3.00 5 8 13
 Figure 4-7: Shifts in the Supply Curve
Price of Ice- S3
Cream
Cone
S1 S2

Decrease
in supply

Increase
in supply

Quantity of
Ice-Cream
Cones
Table 4-6: The Determinants of Quantity
Supplied
 SUPPLY AND DEMAND
TOGETHER

• Equilibrium refers to a situation in which

the price has reached the level where
quantity supplied equals quantity
demanded.
 Equilibrium

• Equilibrium Price
– The price that balances quantity supplied and
quantity demanded.
– On a graph, it is the price at which the supply
and demand curves intersect.
• Equilibrium Quantity
– The quantity supplied and the quantity
demanded at the equilibrium price.
– On a graph it is the quantity at which the
supply and demand curves intersect.
 Equilibrium

Demand Schedule Supply Schedule

At $2.00, the quantity demanded

is equal to the quantity supplied!
 Figure 4-8: The Equilibrium of Supply and
Demand
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone

Supply

Equilibrium price Equilibrium

$2.00

Demand

Equilibrium quantity

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quantity of Ice-
Cream Cones
 Equilibrium

• Surplus
– When price > equilibrium price, then quantity
supplied > quantity demanded.
• There is excess supply or a surplus.
• Suppliers will lower the price to increase sales,
thereby moving toward equilibrium.
• Shortage
– When price < equilibrium price, then quantity
demanded > the quantity supplied.
• There is excess demand or a shortage.
• Suppliers will raise the price due to too many buyers
chasing too few goods, thereby moving toward
equilibrium.
 Figure 4-9 a): Excess Supply
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone
Surplus
Supply
$2.50

$2.00

Demand

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quantity of Ice-
Cream Cones
Quantity Quantity
Demanded Supplied
 Figure 4-9 b): Excess Demand
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone

Supply

$2.00

$1.50

Shortage
Demand

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Quantity of Ice-
Cream Cone
Quantity Quantity
Supplied Demanded
Supply and Demand Analysis:
An Oil Import Fee

• At a world price of $18, • The tax on imports causes an

imports are 5.9 million increase in domestic
barrels per day. production, and quantity
imported falls.
 Three Steps To Analyzing
Changes in Equilibrium
• Decide whether the event shifts the
supply or demand curve (or both).
• Decide whether the curve(s) shift(s)
to the left or to the right.
• Use the supply-and-demand diagram
to see how the shift affects
equilibrium price and quantity.
• Example: A Heat Wave
 Figure 4-10: How an Increase Demand
Affects the Equilibrium
Price of
Ice-Cream
Cone 1. Hot weather increases the
demand for ice cream…
Supply
$2.50 New equilibrium

$2.00
Initial D2
2. … equilibrium
resulting in
a higher
price …

D1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 11 Quantity of Ice-
Cream Cone
3. … and a higher quantity
sold.
 Figure 4-11: How a Decrease in Supply
Affects the Equilibrium
Price of S2
Ice-Cream
Cone
1. An earthquake reduces the
supply of ice cream…
S1
$2.50 New equilibrium

$2.00 Initial equilibrium

2. …
resulting in
a higher
price …

Demand

0 1 2 3 4 7 10 11 Quantity of Ice-
Cream Cones
3. … and a lower quantity
sold.
 Figure 4-12 a): A Shift in Both Supply and
Demand
Price of
Large increase
Ice-Cream in demand
Cone
New
S2
equilibrium S1
P2
Small
decrease in
supply

P1 Initial equilibrium D2

D1

0 Q1 Q2 Quantity of Ice-
Cream Cone
 Figure 4-12 b): A Shift in Both Supply and
Demand
Price of Small increase
Ice-Cream in demand
Cone New S2
equilibrium
S1
P2

Large
decrease in
supply

P1 Initial equilibrium

D2

D1

0 Q2 Q1 Quantity of Ice-
Cream Cone
Table 4-8: What Happens to Price and
Quantity when Supply or Demand Shifts
Summary
• The demand curve shows how the
quantity of a good depends upon the
price.
– According to the law of demand, as the price
of a good falls, the quantity demanded rises.
Therefore, the demand curve slopes
downward.
– In addition to price, other determinants of how
much consumers want to buy include income,
the prices of complements and substitutes,
tastes, expectations, and the number of
buyers.
– If one of these factors changes, the demand
curve shifts.
Summary
• The supply curve shows how the quantity of a
good supplied depends upon the price.
– According to the law of supply, as the price of
a good rises, the quantity supplied rises.
Therefore, the supply curve slopes upward.
– In addition to price, other determinants of how
much producers want to sell include input
prices, technology, expectations, and the
number of sellers.
– If one of these factors changes, the supply
curve shifts.
Summary
• Market equilibrium is determined by the
intersection of the supply and demand
curves.
• At the equilibrium price, the quantity
demanded equals the quantity supplied.
• The behavior of buyers and sellers
naturally drives markets toward their
equilibrium.
Questions to try
• What is the equilibrium market price and quantity for each of the
following pairs of demand and supply curves:
a) Demand: p = $100- 2q ; Supply: p=$0+3q ans: 60$
b) Demand: p = $100- 2q ; Supply: q= 30 ans: 40$

• Use demand and supply curves to analyze what is happening in

each of the following situations:
a) The price of coffee has risen because a frost in Brazil has reduced
the coffee crop.
b) A disease in British beef necessitates the slaughtering of large
number of cattle.
c) A fall in airfares from the UK has raised demand for hotel rooms
on Spain.
The End