• Reference Book:

– Ramesh S. Goankar, “Microprocessor Architecture,

Programming and Applications with 8085”, 5th Edition,
Prentice Hall
• Differences between:
– Microcomputer – a computer with a
microprocessor as its CPU. Includes memory, I/O
etc.
– Microprocessor – silicon chip which includes
ALU, register circuits & control circuits
– Microcontroller – silicon chip which includes
microprocessor, memory & I/O in a single
package.
• The word comes from the combination micro and
processor.
– Processor means a device that processes whatever. In
this context processor means a device that processes
numbers, specifically binary numbers, 0’s and 1’s.
• To process means to manipulate. It is a general term that
describes all manipulation. Again in this content, it means to
perform certain operations on the numbers that depend on the
microprocessor’s design.
 The microprocessor is a programmable device
that takes in numbers, performs on them
arithmetic or logical operations according to the
program stored in memory and then produces
other numbers as a result.
From the above definition, we can draw the
following block diagram to represent a
microprocessor-based system:

Input Output

Memory
• Internally, the microprocessor is made up of
3 main units.
– The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU)
– The Control Unit.
– An array of registers for holding data while it is
being manipulated.
• Let’s expand the picture a bit.
I/O Input /
Output
Register
ALU
Array
System Bus

Control Memory

ROM RAM
• Memory stores information such as instructions
and data in binary format (0 and 1). It provides
this information to the microprocessor whenever
it is needed.

• Usually, there is a memory “sub-system” in a

microprocessor-based system. This sub-system
includes:
– The registers inside the microprocessor
– Read Only Memory (ROM)
• used to store information that does not change.
– Random Access Memory (RAM) (also known as
Read/Write Memory).
• used to store information supplied by the user. Such as
programs and data.
• To execute a program:
– the user enters its instructions in binary format into the
memory.
– The microprocessor then reads these instructions and
whatever data is needed from memory, executes the
instructions and places the results either in memory or
produces it on an output device.
• To execute a program, the microprocessor “reads”
each instruction from memory, “interprets” it, then
“executes” it.

• To use the right names for the cycles:

– The microprocessor fetches each instruction,
– decodes it,
– Then executes it.

• This sequence is continued until all instructions

are performed.
• The 8085 (from Intel) is an 8-bit microprocessor.
– The 8085 uses a total of 246 bit patterns to form its
instruction set.
– These 246 patterns represent only 74 instructions.
• The reason for the difference is that some (actually most)
instructions have multiple different formats.

– Because it is very difficult to enter the bit patterns

correctly, they are usually entered in hexadecimal
instead of binary.
• For example, the combination 0011 1100 which translates into
“increment the number in the register called the accumulator”,
is usually entered as 3C.
• Entering the instructions using hexadecimal is quite
easier than entering the binary combinations.
– However, it still is difficult to understand what a program
written in hexadecimal does.
– So, each company defines a symbolic code for the
instructions.
– These codes are called “mnemonics”.
– The mnemonic for each instruction is usually a group of
letters that suggest the operation performed.
• Using the same example from before,
– 00111100 translates to 3C in hexadecimal (OPCODE)
– Its mnemonic is: “INR A”.
– INR stands for “increment register” and A is short for
accumulator.

• Another example is: 1000 0000,

– Which translates to 80 in hexadecimal.
– Its mnemonic is “ADD B”.
– “Add register B to the accumulator and keep the result in the
accumulator”.
• It is important to remember that a machine
language and its associated assembly language are
completely machine dependent.
– In other words, they are not transferable from one
microprocessor to a different one.

• For example, Motorolla has an 8-bit

microprocessor called the 6800.
– The 8085 machine language is very different from that
of the 6800. So is the assembly language.
– A program written for the 8085 cannot be executed on
the 6800 and vice versa.
• How does assembly language get translated into
machine language?
– There are two ways:
– 1st there is “hand assembly”.
• The programmer translates each assembly language instruction
into its equivalent hexadecimal code (machine language). Then
the hexadecimal code is entered into memory.
– The other possibility is a program called an
“assembler”, which does the translation automatically.
• 8-bit general purpose µp
• Capable of addressing 64 k of memory
• Has 40 pins
• Requires +5 v power supply
• Can operate with 3 MHz clock
• 8085 upward compatible
 Power
Supply: +5 V
Frequency
Generator is
connected to
those pins

Input/Output/
Memory

Read

Write

Address latch
Multiplexed
Enable
Address Data
Bus

Address
Bus
– Address Bus
• Unidirectional
• Identifying peripheral or memory location
– Data Bus
• Bidirectional
• Transferring data
– Control Bus
• Synchronization signals
• Timing signals
• Control signal
• Microprocessor consists of:
– Control unit: control microprocessor operations.
– ALU: performs data processing function.
– Registers: provide storage internal to CPU.
– Interrupts
– Internal data bus
• In addition to the arithmetic & logic circuits, the
ALU includes the accumulator, which is part of
every arithmetic & logic operation.

• Also, the ALU includes a temporary register used

for holding data temporarily during the execution
of the operation. This temporary register is not
accessible by the programmer.
– General Purpose Registers
• B, C, D, E, H & L (8 bit registers)
• Can be used singly
• Or can be used as 16 bit register pairs
– BC, DE, HL
• H & L can be used as a data pointer (holds memory
address) Accumulator Flags

– Special Purpose Registers B

D
C
E
• Accumulator (8 bit register) H L
Program Counter
– Store 8 bit data Stack Pointer
– Store the result of an operation
– Store 8 bit data during I/O transfer Address 16 8 Data
– 8 bit register – shows the status of the microprocessor before/after an
operation
– S (sign flag), Z (zero flag), AC (auxillary carry flag), P (parity flag) &
CY (carry flag)

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z X AC X P X CY

– Sign Flag
• Used for indicating the sign of the data in the accumulator
• The sign flag is set if negative (1 – negative)
• The sign flag is reset if positive (0 –positive)
 – Is set if result obtained after an operation is 0
– Is set following an increment or decrement operation of that register

• Carry Flag
– Is set if there is a carry or borrow from arithmetic operation

1011 0101
+0110 1100
---------------
Carry 1
00100001
 – Is set if there is a carry out of bit 3
• Parity Flag
– Is set if parity is even
– Is cleared if parity is odd
• We have already discussed the general purpose
registers, the Accumulator, and the flags.

• The Program Counter (PC)

– This is a register that is used to control the sequencing
of the execution of instructions.
– This register always holds the address of the next
instruction.
– Since it holds an address, it must be 16 bits wide.
• The Stack pointer
– The stack pointer is also a 16-bit register that is
used to point into memory.
– The memory this register points to is a special
area called the stack.
– The stack is an area of memory used to hold
data that will be retreived soon.
– The stack is usually accessed in a Last In First
Out (LIFO) fashion.
• Instruction Register & Decoder
– Instruction is stored in IR after fetched by processor
– Decoder decodes instruction in IR

Internal Clock generator

– 3.125 MHz internally
– 6.25 MHz externally
• The address bus has 8 signal lines A8 – A15
which are unidirectional.
• The other 8 address bits are multiplexed (time
shared) with the 8 data bits.
– So, the bits AD0 – AD7 are bi-directional and serve as
A0 – A7 and D0 – D7 at the same time.
• During the execution of the instruction, these lines carry the
address bits during the early part, then during the late parts of
the execution, they carry the 8 data bits.
– In order to separate the address from the data, we can
use a latch to save the value before the function of the
bits changes.
– From the above description, it becomes obvious
that the AD7– AD0 lines are serving a dual purpose
and that they need to be demultiplexed to get all the
information.
– The high order bits of the address remain on the
bus for three clock periods. However, the low order
bits remain for only one clock period and they
would be lost if they are not saved externally. Also,
notice that the low order bits of the address
disappear when they are needed most.
– To make sure we have the entire address for the full
three clock cycles, we will use an external latch to
save the value of AD7– AD0 when it is carrying the
address bits. We use the ALE signal to enable this
latch.
Demultiplexing AD7-AD0
8085
A15-A8

ALE

Latch
AD7-AD0 A7- A 0

D7- D0

– Given that ALE operates as a pulse during T1, we will

be able to latch the address. Then when ALE goes low,
the address is saved and the AD7– AD0 lines can be
used for their purpose as the bi-directional data lines.
• The high order address is placed on the address bus and hold for 3 clk
periods,
• The low order address is lost after the first clk period, this address
needs to be hold however we need to use latch
• The address AD7 – AD0 is connected as inputs to the latch 74LS373.
• The ALE signal is connected to the enable (G) pin of the latch and the
OC – Output control – of the latch is grounded
 The Overall Picture
• Putting all of the concepts together, we get:
Chip Selection
A15- A10 Circuit

8085
CS
A15-A8

ALE
A9- A0 1K Byte
Latch Memory
AD7-AD0 A7- A 0 Chip

WR RD IO/M D7- D0

RD

WR