Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry

FUNDAMENTALS OF
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Prepared by: Mr. Stephen Roland P. Gapuz

Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major in Physical Science
 Inorganic Chemistry- deals with inorganic compounds
 Organic Chemistry- deals with organic compounds
And what is organic compound?
These are compounds containing CARBON atom, or
simply CARBON COMPOUNDS.
ORGANIC VS. INORGANIC
 The members of organic compounds is much greater than
inorganic compounds.
 Organic compounds always contain carbon while
inorganic compounds contain metal and other elements.
 Organic compounds are characterized by carbon-
hydrogen bond which are not found in inorganic
compound.
 Organic compounds have lower boiling and melting point
than inorganic compound
 Generally,organic compounds are less soluble in water
than inorganic compound.
 Organic compounds are poorer conductors of heat and
electricity rather then inorganic compounds.
 Organiccompounds are unable to make salts while
inorganic compounds make salts.
 Organiccompounds are covalent while inorganic while
inorganic compounds are covalent as well as ionic in
nature.
 Organic
compounds contain long , complex chains of
molecules whie inorganic compounds do not have.
Organic Compounds
Hydrocarbons
Aliphatic
Under Aliphatic, we have:
Alkane- (ane) ( ) single bond
Alkene- (ene) ( ) double bond
Alkyne- (yne) ( ) triple bond
NO. OF CARBON ATOMS PREFIX ALKANE NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA
1 Meth Methane CH4
2 Eth Ethane C2H6
3 Prop Propane C 3H 8
4 But Butane C 4H 10
5 Pent Pentane C 5H 12
6 Hex Hexane C 6H 14
7 Hept Heptane C 7H 16
8 Oct Octane C 8H 18
9 Non Nonane C 9H 20
10 Dec Decane C 10H 22
11 Undec Undecane C 11H 24

NO. OF CARBON ATOMS PREFIX ALKENE NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA
1 Meth Methene CH2
2 Eth Ethene C2H4
3 Prop Propene C 3H 6
4 But Butene C 4H 8
5 Pent Pentene C 5H 10
6 Hex Hexene C 6H12
7 Hept Heptene C 7H 14
8 Oct Octene C 8H 16
9 Non Nonene C 9H 18
10 Dec Decene C 10H 20
11 Undec Undecene C 11H 22
12 Dode Dodecene C 12H 24

NO. OF CARBON ATOMS PREFIX ALKYNE NAME CHEMICAL FORMULA
1 Meth Methyne CH
2 Eth Ethyne C2H2
3 Prop Propyne C 3H 4
4 But Butyne C 4H 6
5 Pent Pentyne C 5H 8
6 Hex Hexyne C 6H10
7 Hept Heptyne C 7H 12
8 Oct Octyne C 8H 14
9 Non Nonyne C 9H 16
10 Dec Decyne C 10H 18
11 Undec Undecyne C 11H 20
12 Dode Dodecyne C H
Hydrocarbons can be represent in different ways:
 Molecular Formula
 Expanded Structural Formula
 Condensed Structural Formula
 Carbon Skeletal Form
 Line Form
Example:
ETHANE- C2H6
Molecular Formula: C2H6
H H
Expanded Structural Formula: H-C-C-H
H H
Condensed Structural Formula: CH3-CH3
Carbon Skeletal Form: C-C
Line Form:
ALKYL GROUP- a special class of hydrocarbons
which is attached to every carbon atoms in a
compound chain.
NO. OF CARBON ATOMS PREFIX ALKYL NAME CONDENSED FORMULA
1 Meth Methyl CH3
2 Eth Ethyl CH3 CH2
3 Prop Propyl CH3 CH2 CH2
4 But Butyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2
5 Pent Pentyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2
6 Hex Hexyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2
7 Hept Heptyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2
8 Oct Octyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
9 Non Nonyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
10 Dec Decyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
11 Undec Undecyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2
12 Dode Dodecyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2

Nomenclature of organic compound
 The IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry) system is used for naming of organic
compounds. As a general rule, the name should end with
the last syllable of the family or group where it belongs.
 All Alkane groups should end with “ane”

 All alkene groups should end with “ene”
 All alkyne groups should end with “yne”
Take note:
If there’s an Alkyl Group(methyl, ethyl etc) attached to a
carbon in a parent chain, such prefixes will be used to
determine the number of alkyl hydrocarbons.
Number of Alkyl Prefix
1 (none)
2 Di
3 Tri
4 Tetra
5 Penta
6 Hexa
7 Hepta
8 Octa
9 Nona
NAMING OF ALKANES:
Example #1:
H H H H HH
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H
H H H H H H
n- hexane
Example # 2:
H
H-C-H
H H H H H
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H
H H H H HH
2-methyl hexane
Example # 3:
H
H-C-H
H H H H H
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H
H H H HH
H-C-H
H
2,4-dimethyl hexane
Example # 4:
H
H-C-H
H-C-H
H H H H H
H-C-C-C-C-C-C-H
H H H HH
H-C-H
H
2-ethyl-4methyl hexane
NAMING OF ALKENES:
Example #1:
H H H H H
H-C=C-C-C-C-H
H H H H H
1- pentene
Example #2:
H H H H H H
H-C-C-C-C=C-C-H
H H H H H H
2- hexene
Example #3:
H
H-C-H
H H H H
H-C=C-C-C-C-H
H H H H H
2- methyl,1- hexene
Example #4:
H
H-C-H
H H H H H
H-C-C-C=C-C-C-H
H H H HH
H-C-H
H
2,4-dimethyl 3-hexene
NAMING OF ALKYNES
Example #1:
H H H H H H
H-C-C-C-C C-C-H
H H H H H H
2- hexyne
Example #2:
H
H-C-H
H H H H
H-C=C-C-C-C-H
H H H H H
2- methyl, 1- pentyne

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FUNDAMENTALS OF

Prepared by: Mr. Stephen Roland P. Gapuz

1 Meth Methane CH4

2 Eth Ethane C2H6

10 Dec Decane C 10H 22

11 Undec Undecane C 11H 24

1 Meth Methene CH2

2 Eth Ethene C2H4

6 Hex Hexene C 6H12

10 Dec Decene C 10H 20

11 Undec Undecene C 11H 22

12 Dode Dodecene C 12H 24

2 Eth Ethyne C2H2

6 Hex Hexyne C 6H10

10 Dec Decyne C 10H 18

11 Undec Undecyne C 11H 20

Carbon Skeletal Form: C-C

1 Meth Methyl CH3

2 Eth Ethyl CH3 CH2

3 Prop Propyl CH3 CH2 CH2

4 But Butyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2

5 Pent Pentyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2

6 Hex Hexyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2

7 Hept Heptyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2

8 Oct Octyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2

9 Non Nonyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2

10 Dec Decyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2

11 Undec Undecyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2

12 Dode Dodecyl CH3 CH2CH2 CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2

 All Alkane groups should end with “ane”

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