PRESENTATION ON THE TOPIC

AP AND GP SERIES

BY

SHIVANGI SHUKLA
MBA 1ST SEMESTER
 Progressions (AP, GP, HP)
• Progressions (or Sequences and Series) are
numbers arranged in a particular order such
that they form a predictable order.
• By predictable order, we mean that given
some numbers, we can find next numbers in
the series.
 Arithmetic Progression
• A series of number is termed to be in arithmetic
progression when the difference between two
consecutive numbers remain the same.
• An arithmetic progression is a sequence of
numbers in which each term is derived from the
preceding term by adding or subtracting a fixed
number called the common difference "d“
• For example, the sequence 9, 6, 3, 0,-3, .... is an
arithmetic progression with -3 as the common
difference. The progression -3, 0, 3, 6, 9 is an
Arithmetic Progression (AP) with 3 as the common
difference.
 Formulas of Arithmetic Progressions
Suppose if, ‘a’ is the first term and ‘d’ is a common
difference, then,
The general form of an Arithmetic Progression is
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d and so on
 nth term of an AP series is an = a + (n - 1) d
where Tn = nth term and a = first term.
Here d = common difference = an - an-1.
 Sum of ‘n’ terms of an AP =n/2 x (first term + last term)
[Sn = n/2(a + L) ]
Where L = a + (n – 1) d
Thus,
 Sum of ‘n’ terms of an AP: Sn =(n/2)[2a + (n- 1)d]
 To find Number of terms of an AP
n = [ (l – a) /d ]+ 1
where l : last term , a : first term and
d : common difference

Arithmetic Mean.
∴ AM = a+b/2
What is an Arithmetic means ?
When three numbers a, A and b are in A.P., then A
is called the arithmetic mean of numbers 'a' and
'b'.
Given that, a, A , b is in A.P. Then
As they are in A.P. so their common difference will
be constant.
A - a = d and b - A = d
∴A-a=b-A
2A = a + b
∴ AM = a+b/2
Thus the required arithmetic mean (A.M) of two
numbers 'a' and 'b' is a+b/2
1) 7,13,19
Solution: Arithmetic mean between 7 and 19
is 13.

2) 6,9,12,15,18
Solution: Arithmetic means between 6 and 18
is 9,12 and 15.

3) 'a' is an arithmetic between 6 and 18 .Find

'a'
Solution: 'a' is an A.M between 6 and 18
∴ a = 6+18/2
a = 24/2
∴ a = 12
• Examples on inserting arithmetic means between the
numbers
Question : Insert three arithmetic means between 8 and 26.
Solution: Let three arithmetic numbers inserted will be
A1,A2andA3 between 8 and 26.
∴ 8, A1,A2,A3, 26 are in A.P. Then
a = 8 and n = 5
∴ an = a +(n -1)d
26 = 8 + 4d
18 = 4d
18/4=4d/4
∴ d = 4.5
A1 = a + d = 8 + 4.5 = 12.5
A2=a+2d=8+2× 4.5 = 17
A3=a+3d=8+3× 13.5 = 21.5
Thus the three arithmetic means between 8 and 26 are 12.5,
17 and 21.5.
Question 1 : Find 10th term in the series 2, 5, 8, 11, 14……
Options:
1. 26
2. 29
3. 32
4. 27
Solution:
We know that,
tn = a + (n – 1)d
In the given series,
a=2
d = 3 …. (5 – 2, 8 – 5…..)
Therefore, 10th term = t10 = a + (n-1) d
t10 = 2 + (10 – 1) * 3
t10 = 2 + 9 * 3
t10 = 29
Correct option: B
Question 2 : Find the first term of the AP series in which
10th term is 6 and 18th term is 70.
Options:
1.) 76 2.)– 76
3.)66 4.)– 66
Solution:
10th term = (a + 9d) = 6….(1)
18th term = (a + 17d) = 70 ……. (2)
On solving equation 1 and 2
We get, d = 8
Put the value of d in equation 1
(a + 9d) = 6
a+9*8=6
a + 72 = 6
a = -66
Correct option: D
Question 3 :
Find the nth term of the series 3, 8, 13, 18,…,
Options:
1.) 2(2n+ 1)
2.) 5n + 2
3.) 5n – 2
4.) 2(2n – 1)
Solution:
The given series is in the form of AP.
first term a = 3
common difference d = 5
We know that, nth term = tn = a + (n-1)d
Therefore, tn = 3 + (n-1) * 5
= 3 + 5n – 5
= 5n – 2
Correct option: C
Question 3.1 : Find the nth term for the AP : 11,
17, 23, 29, …
Solution : Here, a = 11, d = 17 – 11 = 23 – 17 = 29
– 23 = 6
We know that nth term of an AP = a + (n – 1) d

=> nth term for the given AP = 11 + (n – 1) 6

=> nth term for the given AP = 5 + 6 n

We can verify the answer by putting values of ‘n’.

=> n = 1 -> First term = 5 + 6 = 11
=> n = 2 -> Second term = 5 + 12 = 17
=> n = 3 -> Third term = 5 + 18 = 23
and so on …
Question 4 :
The series 28, 25,……. -29 has 20 terms. Find out the
sum of all 20 terms?
Options:
1.) -10
2.) -12
3.) 10
4.) 12
Solution:
a =28, d= -3 (25 – 28), l = -29, n = 20
Sum of all n-terms = Sn = n (a+l)/2
S20 = 20 (28 + (-29)) / 2
S20 = -10
Correct option: A
Question 5. Find the sum of first 25 natural
numbers.
Solution:
Let S be the required sum.
Therefore, S = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + .................... + 25
Clearly, it is an Arithmetic Progression whose
first term = 1, last term = 25 and
number of terms = 25.

Therefore, S = 25/2 (25 + 1),

[Using the formula S = n/2(a + l)]
=25/2 (26)
= 25 × 13
= 325
Therefore, the sum of first 25 natural numbers is 325.
Question 6. Find the sum of first 100 natural
numbers.
Solution:
Let S be the required sum.
Therefore, S = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + .................... +
100
Clearly, it is an Arithmetic Progression whose first
term = 1, last term = 100 and number of terms =
100.
Therefore, S = 100/2(100 + 1),
[Using the formula S =n/2 (a + l)]
= 50(101)
= 5050
Therefore, the sum of first 100 natural numbers
is 5050.
 Question: 7 - Find the sum of the series: 7 + 15 + 23 +
31 + 39 + 47 + ……….. + 255
• Solution: • Let there be n terms in the
• First term of the given arithmetic given arithmetic series. Then
series = 7 • Tn= 255
• Second term of the given arithmetic • ⇒ a + (n - 1)d = 255
series = 15 • ⇒ 7 + (n - 1) × 8 = 255
• Third term of the given arithmetic • ⇒ 7 + 8n - 8 = 255
series = 23 • ⇒ 8n - 1 = 255
• And so on... • ⇒ 8n = 256
• Now, Second term - First term = 15 - 7
• ⇒ n = 32
=8
• Therefore, the required sum of
• Third term - Second term = 23 - 15 = 8
the series = 322
• Fourth term - Third term = 31 - 23 = 8
• [2 ∙ 7 + (32 - 1) ∙ 8]
• Therefore, the given sequence is an
• = 16 [14 + 31 ∙ 8]
• arithmetic series with the common
difference 8.
• = 16 [14 + 248]
• = 16 × 262
• = 4192
 Geometric Progression
• If the ratio of any two successive terms is
invariably similar, then the sequence is termed
a geometric progression.
• A geometric progression is a sequence in which
each term is derived by multiplying or dividing
the preceding term by a fixed number called the
common ratio.
• For example, 2, 4, 8, 16 can be a GP because the
ratio between two consecutive numbers is
same, i.e. 2.
 Formulas of Geometric Progression (G.P)
Suppose, if ‘a’ is the first term and ‘r’ be the common ratio, then
The general form of a GP is a, ar, ar2, ar3 and so on
 nth term of GP: an = a r n-1
where a = first term and r = common ratio = Tn/Tn-1
 Geometric mean between two quantities
• Let the two quantities be ‘a’ and ‘b’. Then if a, G, and b are in GP
• b/G = G/a
• Each of the ones will be equal to the common ratio,
• G2 = ab
• Therefore, GM = √ab
 To find number of terms in GP : an= a1rn-1
sum of the number of terms in a GP :
Let ‘a’ be the first term, ‘r’ be the common ratio
and ‘n’ be the number of terms
• If r > 1 then,
Sn = a(rn-1) / (r -1)
• If r < 1 , then,
Sn = a(1 – rn) / (1 -r)
sum of infinite terms of a GP series
S∞= a/(1-r) where 0< r<1.
Question 1 : Find the number of terms in the series 5, 10, 20, . .
..320? (n?)
Options:
1.) 5 2.) 4
3.) 6 4.) 7
Solution:
We know that,
an= a1rn-1
a=5
r=2
an= 320
320 = 5*2n-1
64 = 2n-1
2^6 = 2n-1
n-1 = 6
n=7
Correct Option. D
Question 2.
Find the sum of the following infinite G. P. 1/3, 1/9, 1/27,
1/81…….
Options:
1.) 1/3
2.) 2/3
3.) 1/5
4.) 1/2
Solution:
a = 3, r = 1/9/1/3 = 1/3
Required sum = a/(1-r)
= 1/3 / (1-1/3)
= 1/3 / 2/3
=½
Correct option: D
 Geometric Mean
Geometric mean is a special type of average of two
numbers. If we have two numbers then we will
multiply the numbers and then take the square
root of it.

Example: What is the geometric mean of 3 and 27?

Solution:
Given
a = 3 and b = 27
G = √ab
= √3 × 27
=9
here we can see that the sequence 3, 9, 27 is a
geometric progression
 To calculate the Geometric mean of more than two
numbers
For calculating the geometric mean we have to multiply all the
numbers and then take the nth root of that number.
GM = n√ (a1 × a2 × ... × an)
Example
What is the Geometric Mean of 1, 4, 16, 64 and 256?
solution:
Given
a1 = 1 a2 = 4
a3 =16 a4 = 64
a5 = 256
First we will multiply the given numbers
1 × 4 × 16 × 64 × 256 = 1048576
Then take the 5th root
5√1048576 = 16

Geometric Mean = 5√ (1 × 4 × 16 × 64 × 256) = 16

Question 3 :
Find the G. M. between 4/25 and 196/25
Options:
1.) 28/5
2.) 28/25
3.) 8/25
4.) 14/5
Solution:
Geometric mean √ab
GM = √4/25 * √196/25

GM = 2/5 * 14/5
GM = 28/25
Correct option: B
Question 4 :
Find the number of terms in the series 1, 3, 9 , ….19683
Options:
1.) 10
2.) 8
3.) 6
4.) 7
Solution:
In the given series,
a1 = 1, r = 3/1 = 3, an =19683
=
19683 = 1* (3n-1) [an= a1rn-1 ]
19683 = 3n-1
39 = 3n-1
9 = n-1
n = 10
Correct option: A
Question:5
5th term and 3rd term of a G.P is 256 and 16 respectively. Find
its 8th term.
Solution: ar4 = 256— equation(1) [an= a1rn-1 ]
ar2= 16— equation(2)

Dividing (1) by (2) gives,

ar4 /ar2 = 256/16
r2= 16
r= 4
Substituting r = 4 in (2) gives,
a×42 = 16, a= 1
a8 = ar7 [an= a1rn-1 ]
=1×47 = 16384
Question 6 : Find the sum of 6 terms of the G.P
4, 12, 36,…..
Solution: a = 4
Common ratio, r =12/4=3 r=3
n=6
Sum of n terms of a G.P,
sn = a(rn−1) / (r−1)

S6 = 4(36−1) / (3−1)
=4(729−1) / (2) = 2×728 = 1456
 Relationship between A.M. and G.M
• As we have seen that formula for the
Arithmetic mean and the Geometric mean are
as follows:
• AM = a+b/2 and GM = √ab
• After evoluting these formula the relation
between them will be : A ≥ G
 Quick Revision
Arithmetic Progression Geometric Progression
 nth term : an = a + (n - 1) d
 Sum : Sn = n/2(a + L)  nth term : an = a r n-1
or  Sum:
Sn =(n/2)[2a + (n- 1)d] (r > 1) Sn = a(rn-1) / (r -1)
(r < 1) Sn = a(1 – rn) / (1 -r)
 Mean : AM = a+b/2
(0< r<1) S∞= a/(1-r)
 Number of terms =
 Mean : GM = √ab
n = [ (l – a) /d ]+ 1  Number of terms=
Here n= a1rn-1
Tn = nth term of AP Here
a = first term of the series Tn = nth term of AP
L = last term of the series a = first term of the series
d = difference between 1st and r = common ratio of finite series
2nd term r= an/an-1
d = an - an-1 Sn = sum of GP series
Sn = sum of AP series
 Comparison Chart :

Basis for Arithmetic Geometric

Comparison Sequence Sequence

Geometric Sequence is a
Arithmetic Sequence is
set of numbers wherein
described as a list of
each element after the
numbers, in which each
Meaning first is obtained by
new term differs from a
multiplying the preceding
preceding term by a
number by a constant
constant quantity.
factor.

Common Difference Common Ratio between

Identification
between successive terms. successive terms.

Advanced by Addition or Subtraction Multiplication or Division

Variation of terms Linear Exponential

Infinite sequences Divergent Divergent or Convergent

Managerial Applications of Arithmetic
Progression
1.Straight Line Depreciation
This is where an asset may be depreciated by a
fixed amount per year. eg If an asset costs $v
when new, and is depreciated by $d per year, its
value each year can be represented by an
arithmetic progression
v, v-d, v-2d, ....
2.Simple interest investment:
You put P money in the bank; each year they
add Pr interest to your account:
P,P+Pr, P+2Pr, P+3Pr....
3. If you want to calculate a stock’s average
closing price during a particular month.
Say there are 23 trading days in the month.
Simply take all the prices, add them up and
divide by 23 to get the arithmetic mean.
4.The arithmetic mean is simple, and most people
with even a little bit of finance and math skill
can calculate it. It’s also a useful measure of
central tendency, as it tends to provide useful
results, even with large groupings of numbers.
 Managerial Applications of the
Geometric Progression
1.Growth Rates :
The geometric mean is used in finance to
calculate average growth rates and is referred to
as the compounded annual growth rate.
Consider a stock that grows by 10% in year one,
declines by 20% in year two and then grows by
30% in year three. The geometric mean of the
growth rate is calculated as ((1+0.1)*(1-
0.2)*(1+0.3))^(1/3) - 1 = 0.046 or 4.6% annually.
2.Portfolio Return :
The geometric mean is commonly used to
calculate the annual return on portfolio of
securities
portfolio return refers to the gain or loss realized
by an investments, each security in a portfolio
contributes return in the proportion of its
investment in securities.
[A portfolio is a group of financial assets such as
stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies and
cash equivalents etc]
3.Stock Index :
The geometric mean is also occasionally used in
constructing stock indexes. Many of the Value
Line indexes maintained by Financial Times use
geometric average. In this type of index, all
stocks have equal weights, regardless of their
market capitalizations or prices. The index is
calculated by taking the geometric average of
the percentage change in prices of each stock.
Thank you