BENIGN LEUCOCYTE

DISORDERS
Dr. BETTY KASIMO ABBO
DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY
Contents.
 Leucocytosis and leucopenia
 Granulocytosis and agranulocytosis
 Neutrophilia and neutropenia
 Eosinophilia
 Lymphocytosis and lymphopenia
 Monocytosis
 Basophilia
 Physiological and pathological conditions of
 Granulocytes
 Monocytes
 Lymphocytes
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Quantitative
 Change in number
 Terminology
 Cytosis / philia
 Increase in number

 Cytopenia
 Decrease in number

Qualitative
 Morphologic changes
 Functional changes
LEUCOCYTES BENIGN DISORDERS
Quantitative changes

Relative vs Absolute values

 Total white blood cell count
 Differential count
 Absolute count
Differential (Relative value) gives the
percentage of each WBC
Absolute value gives the actual number of
each WBC/mm3 of blood
 Calculation: absolute count= Total WBC x
percent (relative value)
LEUCOCYTES BENIGN DISORDERS
Quantitative changes

Factors required for hemopoiesis

Regulation of cell production
 Regulatory mechanisms must operate in
close controlled way
Hemopoietic growth factors
The control of cell death
Inhibitors of cell proliferation
Stromal cell factors (cell-cell and cell-
matrix interaction)
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Quantitative changes (LEUCOCYTOSIS)

Leucocytes
 Phagocytes
 Granulocytes
 Neutrophils
 Eosinophils
 Basophils
 Mononuclear phagocytic cells
 Monocytes
 Macrophage and dendritic cells
 Lymphocytes
 B-cells
 T-cells
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Quantitative changes (LEUCOCYTOSIS)

Definition
Raised TWBC due to elevation of any of a
single lineage.
 Note: elevation of the minor cell populations can
occur without a rise in the total white cell count.
 Normal reference range (adult 21 years)
 4.5 -- 11.0 x 109/L
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Quantitative changes (LEUCOPENIA)

Definition
TWBC lower than the reference range
for the age is defined as leucopenia
 Leucopenia may affect one or more
lineages and it is possible to be severely
neutropenic or lymphopenic without a
reduction in total white cell count.
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Quantitative changes (contd.)

Granulocytosis
Increase in the count of all or one of the
granulocytic component
 Neutrophils
 Basophils
 Eosinophils
Agranulocytosis/granulopenia/agranulosis
Decrease in the count of all or one
granulocytic component
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Quantitative changes (NEUTROPHILIA)

Definition
 Increase in the number of neutrophils and / or its
precursors
 In adults count >7.5 x 109/L but the counts are age
dependent
 Increase may result from alteration in the normal steady
state of
 Production
 Increased progenitor cell proliferation

 Increased frequency of cell division of committed neutrophil

precursors
 Transit
 Impaired transit to tissue

 Migration
 Destruction
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Quantitative changes (NEUTROPHILIA) contd.

Causes of Neutrophilia
 Infection
 Bacterial
 Inflammatory conditions
 Autoimmune disorders
 Gout
 Neoplasia
 Metabolic conditions
 Uraemia
 Acidosis
 Haemorhage
 Corticosteroids
 Marrow infiltration/fibrosis
 Myeloproliferative disorders
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Quantitative changes (NEUTROPHILIA) contd.

Acute Neutrophilia
 Mobilized rapidly by stress, suggested by
adrenaline stress test; due to reduced neutrophil
adhesion
 Bacterial infection
 Stress
 Exercise
 Slower rise when cells are released from the
bone marrow storage pool
 Steroid
 Infections (reactive changes; left shift, toxic granulation,
high NAP score and Dohle bodies.
 Steroids also reduces the passage to the tissues
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Quantitative changes (NEUTROPHILIA) contd.

Chronic neutrophilia
 Long term corticosteroid therapy
 Chronic inflammatory reactions
 Infections or chronic blood loss
 Infections
 Less common organisms e.g poliomyelitis

 Leukemoid reactions
 Applied to chronic neutrophilia with marked leucocytosis (>20 x
109/L)
 The usual feature is the shift to the left of myeloid cells
 Causes include
 Infections
 Marrow infiltration
 Systemic disease ( AGN & Acute liver failure)
LEUCOCYTES BENIGN DISORDERS
Quantitative changes (NEUTROPENIA) contd.

Neutropenia is an absolute reduction in the

number of circulating neutrophils
 Mild (1- 1.5 x 109/L)
 Moderate (0.5 – 1 x 109/L)
 Severe (<0.5 x 109/L)
 Symptoms are rare with the neutrophil count above 1
x 109/L
 Bacterial infections are the commonest
 Fungal, viral and parasitic infection are relatively
uncommon
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Quantitative changes (NEUTROPENIA) contd.

Causes of Neutropenia
 Racial
 Congenital
 Cyclic neutropenia
 Marrow aplasia
 Marrow infiltration
 Megaloblastic anemia
 Acute infections
 Typhoid, Miliary TB, viral hepatitis
 Drugs
 Irradiation exposure
 Immune disorders
 HIV
 SLE
 Felty’s syndrome
 Neonatal isoimmune and autoimmune neutropenia
 Hypersplenism
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Quantitative changes (NEUTROPENIA) contd.

Management of Neutropenia
 Remove the cause if possible
 Treat any infection aggressively
 Role of
 Growth factors
 Splenectomy
Cyclical neutropenia
 Regular recurring episodes of severe neutropenia (<0.2
x 109/L) usually lasting for 3-6 days
 Can be familial & inherited with maturation arrest
 Three suggested mechanisms for cyclical neutropenia
 Stem cell defect & altered response to growth factors
 Defect in humoral or cellular stem cell control
 Periodic accumulation of an inhibitor
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Quantitative changes (EOSINOPHILIA)

Increase in the eosinophil count must prompt for

further investigation (>0.6 x 109/L)
The causes of eosinophilia can be considered
under following headings
 Allergy
 Atopic, drug sensitivity and pulmonary eosinophilia

 Infection
 Parasites, recovery from infections

 Malignancy
 Hodgkin’s disease, NHL and myeloproliferative disorders

 Drugs
 Skin disorders
 Gastrointestinal disorders
 Hypereosinophilic syndrome
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Quantitative changes (EOSINOPHILIA) Contd.

Hypereosinophilic syndrome
 Criteria of diagnosis
 Peripheral blood eosinophil >1.5 x 109/L
 Persistence of counts more than 6 months
 End organ damage
 Absence of any obvious cause for eosinophilia
 Organ most commonly involved
 Heart
 Lung
 Skin
 Neurological
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Quantitative changes (MONOCYTOSIS)

Absolute monocyte count is age dependent

Count rarely exceeds >1.0 x 109/L
Have no marrow reserves
Useful harbinger of engraftment
Causes of monocytosis can be grouped as
 Infections
 Chronic infection (TB, typhoid fever, infective endocarditis)
 Recovery from acute infection
 Malignant disease
 MDS, AML, NHL
 Connective tissue disorders
 Ulcerative colitis, Sarcoidosis, Crohn’s disease
 Post splenectomy
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Quantitative changes (BASOPHILIA)

Basophils are least common of the

granulocytes
Reference range for adult is 0 – 0.2 x 109/L
Most commonly associated with
hypersensitivity reactions to drugs or food
Inflammatory conditions e.g RA, ulcerative
colitis are also sometime associated with
basophilia
Myeloproliferative disorders
Chronic myeloid leukemia
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Quantitative changes (LYMPHOCYTOSIS)

The blood contain only few percent of total

body lymphocytes
The most consistent variation is seen with
age
Alteration of lymphocyte counts can result
from
 Absolute increase of lymphocyte number
 Loss of lymphocytes
 Combination of these
LEUCOCYTES BENIGN DISORDERS
Quantitative changes (LYMPHOCYTOSIS)

Non-malignant causes of lymphocytosis

 Infections
 Viral infections
 Infectious mononucleosis
 CMV
 Rubella, hepatitis, adenoviruses, chicken pox,dengue
 Bacterial infections
 Pertussis
 Healing TB, typhoid fever
 Protozoal infections
 Toxoplasmosis
 Allergic drug reactions
 Hyperthyroidism
 Splenectomy
 Serum sickness
LEUCOCYTES BENIGN DISORDERS
Quantitative changes (LYMPHOCYTOSIS)

Infectious Mononucleosis
 Epstein-Barr virus
 Saliva from infected person is the main contagion
 Virus infect epithelial cells and B cells
 Autocrine growth stimulation
 Infection in children under the age of 10 does not
cause illness and result in life long immunity
 Clinical features
 Fever, malaise, fatigue, sore throat, diagnostic red spots at the
junction of soft and hard palate, splenomegaly
 Blood picture shows leucocytosis ( 10 – 20 x 109/L) due to
absolute increase in the number of lymphocytes
 Diagnosis is by serological tests
 There is no specific treatment
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Qualitative changes (MORPHOLOGY)

Congenital
 Pelger-Huet anomaly
 Bilobed and occasional unsegmented neutrophils
 Autosomal dorminant disorder
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Qualitative changes (MORPHOLOGY) contd.

 May-Hegglin anomaly
 Autosomal dominant

 Neutrophils contain basophilic inclusions of RNA

 Occasionally there is associated leucopenia
 Thrombocytopenia and giant platelet are frequent
LEUCOCYTES BENIGN DISORDERS
Qualitative changes (MORPHOLOGY) contd.

 Alder’s anomaly(autosomal recessive)

 Granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes contain
granules which stain purple with Romanowsky stain
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Qualitative changes (MORPHOLOGY) contd.

 Chediak-Higashi syndrome
 Autosomal recessive disorder
 Giant granules in granulocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes
 Depressed migration and degranulation
 Recurrent pyogenic infections
 Lymphoproliferative syndrome may develop
LEUCOCYTES BENIGN DISORDERS
Qualitative changes (MORPHOLOGY) contd.

Acquired
 Toxic granulation
 Dohle bodies
 Pelger cells
 Hypersegmented neutrophils
LEUCOCYTES BENIGN DISORDERS
Qualitative changes (FUNCTIONAL)

Leucocyte adhesion deficiency

Chronic granulomatous disease
Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Primary immunodeficiency
 Severe combined immunodeficiency
 Common variable immunodeficiency
 Isolated IgA deficiency
 T-cell immunodeficiency
 Thymic aplasia (Di George syndrome)