HUG1I2 Konsep Pengembangan

Sains dan Teknologi

Pertemuan 3: Technology Concept

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 What is Technology ? (Continued)
• In the broadest sense, technology extends our
abilities to change the world: to cut, shape, or put
together materials; to move things from one
place to another; to reach farther with our hands,
voices, and senses. (Benchmarks for Science
Literacy, AAAS, 1993)
• Technology is the process by which humans
modify nature to meet their needs and wants.
(Technically Speaking: Why All Americans Need to
Know More About Technology, NAE/NRC, 2002)

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The following next 4 pages taken from
Barbara Parker, Introduction to
Globalization & Business, London,
SAGE, 2005.

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 Technology
• Science is exploration for the sake of knowing
and for creating a body of knowledge
• Technology is the application of science,
usually in the interests of improving human
life
– product technologies
– process technologies

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Example of Product Technology

https://agisnurholis318.wordpress.com/2011/09/23/perkembangan-teknologi-telepon-seluler/

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 Example of Process Technology

http://wawanplaza.com/tag/sejarah-perkembangan-teknologi-komunikasi

http://guntursigarlangit.blogspot.com/2014/04/perkembangan-teknologi-terkini.html

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 And the cycle starts over …

https://wahyunn1243.wordpress.com/2014/08/13/perkemban
gan-atau-kemajuan-teknologi/

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 Another example of process
technology: Just-In-Time Inventory

http://www.toyota-global.com/company/vision_philosophy/toyota_production_system/just-in-time.html

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www.indonesia.travel

http://inet.detik.com/read/2014/12/05/165837/2769045/398/teknologi-nano-bikin-baju-ini-anti-kotor

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 Technology Can Be
• Low tech
• High tech
• Some combination
• Each approach provides opportunities for
organizational advantage

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 Low tech

centerfirecentral.com

Made in China
China and Hong Kong generate
60% of the world’s $31 billion
http://www.weaselballs.com/ toys annually

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 Technological Breakthroughs in
Products and Processes
• are occurring rapidly
• in almost all industries
• all nations
• all businesses
• all lives
• Is this a boon or a bane? Both

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 Technological Changes
• Generate both opportunities and threats
• Are difficult to predict in a global world because they:
– occur rapidly
– often have unintended consequences
– are replaced/refined by people worldwide; changes occur
“out of sight”
• Stimulate profound societal change in business and
other spheres
• Make managerial and personal life more challenging

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 Five Historical Commonalities of
Technological Development
• The work of humans has been supplemented,
substituted, or amplified by technological change.
This process now affects knowledge work.
• The importance of technology has increased over
time.
• The rate of innovation has increased markedly
over time.
• Innovations and breakthroughs often occur in
clusters.
• Technological change spills over into personal
lives.
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Classification of theories of technology
• The theories attempt to address the relationship
between technology and society and prompt
questions about agency, determinism/autonomy,
and teleonomy.
• Social theories
– Descriptive vs critical theories
• Group theories
• Analytic theories

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technolo
gy

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Social theory: Descriptive approaches
• 1. Social construction of technology (SCOT),
technology does not determine human action,
but that human action shapes technology.
• 2. Actor-network theory (ANT) -
heterogeneous network of humans and non-
humans as equal interrelated actors.
• 3. Structuration theory - structures as rules
and resources organized as properties of
social systems.

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Social theory: Descriptive approaches
• 4. Systems theory - considers the historical
development of technology and media with
an emphasis on inertia and heterogeneity,
stressing the connections between the artifact
being built and the social, economic, political
and cultural factors surrounding it.
• 5. Activity theory

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 Group theory
• Social presence theory, the social impact of a
communication medium depend on the social
presence it allows communicators to have
• Media richness theory, the amount of
information communicated differs with respect to
a medium's richness.
• Media naturalness theory
• Media synchronicity theory
• The Social Identity model of Deindividuation
Effects (SIDE)
• Time, interaction, and performance theory

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Next following 5 pages taken
from:

PAUL TROTT
INNOVATION MANAGEMENT AND
NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
4th Edition

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Linear models of innovation management
technology push

Research &
Manufacturing Marketing user
development

market pull

Research &
Marketing Manufacturing user
development

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 Interactive model
TECHNOLOGY of innovation
PUSH
latest science and technology
advances in society

idea commer
R&D Manufacturing Marketing
cial
product

needs of society
and the market place
MARKET
PULL
Source: Rothwell & Zegweld (1985)

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Open Innovation
Basic Research New Product
Development

Current market
Internal
And business model
research
projects

Technology Technology
In-licensing acquisition

Venture investing
External research
project (Chesbrough, 2003)

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 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_life_cycle
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Technology Adoption Lifecycle

http://www.designdamage.com/tag/rogers-bell-curve/#axzz3QvCwFmsp

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25

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations
Contoh Akuisisi:
Alasan teknologi
atau ekonomi?

http://www.nextpowerup.com/news/14025/facebook-completes-whatsapp-acquisition-in-a-deal-worth-usd-21-8-billion.html

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Open innovation . . .
Procter & Gamble’s web of links for
innovation and new product development

Source: HBR (2006)

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 Technological
Cyclic Innovation Model
research
integrated
hard sciences engineering cycle
cycle

Scientific Entrepreneurship Product

Marketing
soft sciences cycle
cycle
Market
transitions

Source: G Berkhout (2007), TU Delft.

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 Discussion
• Describe 5 technology most influence you
– How them influence you and what social impact
do you have (pros and cons)
• For each of them describe min 3 underlying
science

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