Telecommunication Switching & Networks

TELECOMMUNICATION
SWITCHING & NETWORKS

INTRODUCTION
Telecommunication networks carry
information signals among entities,
which are geographically far apart. An
entity may be a computer or human
being, a facsimile machine, a
teleprinter, a data terminal and so on.
The communication switching system
enables the universal connectivity.
The universal connectivity is realized
when any entity in one part of the
world can communicate with any
other entity in another part of the
world.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
By the early 1800’s scientists had
developed ways to generate and transmit
electricity. In 1819, oersted discovered
the relation between magnetism and
electricity. Ampere, Faraday and others
continued this work in 1820. In 1834,
Gauss and Weber wired over the roofs of
Gottingen to make a telegraph system.
Of all the electromechanical switching devices that
become available over the years, the step-by-step
switching system invented by Almon B. Strowger in
1892 is still quite popular. The next automatic
electromechanical switching system was crossber
switching.
First patent for crossbar device was granted in 1915 to
J.N. Reynolds of wester Electric, USA. In 1919, two
Swedish Engineers, Betulander and Palmgren got
patent for crossbar switch. In 1938, AT & T
laboratories in US introduced crossbar-switching
system in the field.
The electromechanical switching systems have
been replaced by computer controlled
switching systems referred to as stored program
control (SPC). In SPC, switching is controlled
by software program. The first computer
controlled switch was introduced in 1960. Till
1965,
computer controlled switching was used
transistors and printed circuit technology. Since
1965
switching are based on microprocessors.
Fig. 1.1 shows the various telephone networks
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION SWITCHING SYSTEM
 End system or Instruments

 Transmission system
 Switching system
 Signaling.
END SYSTEM or INSTRUMENTS
The end system or instruments are a transmitter

or receiver that are responsible for sending
information or decoding or inverting received
information or message into an intelligible
message.
End systems in the
telelphone network
have evolved from
analog telephones to
digital handsets and
cellular phones.
However, endless
arrays of other devices
are being attached to
telephone lines,
including computer
terminals used for data Some of the End Instrument
transmission.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
The transmission on links conveys the

information and control signals between the
terminals and switching centers. A transmission
link can be characterized by its bandwidth, link
attenuation and the propagation delay. To
maintain signal quality, the signal must be
regenerated after a certain distance.
In general a
communication path
between two distinct
points can be setup be
connecting
a number of transmission
lines in tandem. The
transmission links include
two-wire lines, coaxial
cables microwave radio,
optical fibers and
satellites.
SWITCHING SYSTEM
A switching system is a collection of

switching elements arranged and
controlled in such a way as to setup a
communication path between any two
distant points.
In computer communication, the switching
technique used is known as packet switching
or message switch (store and forward
switching). In telephone network the switching
method
used is called circuit switching. Some practical
switching system are step-by-step, cross
barred
relay system, digital swtiching systems,
electronic switching system etc.
PURPOSE
The purpose of a telecommunication
switching system is to provide the means
to pass information from any terminal
device to any other terminal device
selected by the originator.
SIGNALLING SWITCHING
In signalling in datacommunication
networks exchanges signalling
information effectively between
subscriers.
SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS
Telecommunication is mainly concerned with the
transmission of messages between two distant
points. The signal that contains the messages is
usually converted into electrical waves before
transmission.
Voice frequencies - The range of frequencies
used by a communication device determines
the communication channel, communicating
devices, bandwidth or information carrying
capacity. The most commonly used parameter
that characterizes an electrical signal is its
bandwidth of analog signal or bit rate if it is a
digital signal.
In telephone system, the frequencies it passes are restricted to
between 300 to 3400 Hz. Thus the network bandwidth is 3100
Hz.
The bandwidth and bit rate for various types of system are shown
in Table 1.1.
Speech spectrum - The telephone channel
over which we wish to send data are designed
to transmit electrical oscillations (microphone
converts sound into equivalent number of
electrical oscillation) of voice. Most of the energy
is concentrated between 300 Hz to 3400 Hz.
Decibels - The decibel is a valuable unit for
telecommunication because losses or gains
in signal strength may be added or subtracted if they are
referred to in decibels. The signal
strength at various frequencies is expressed by the unit of
decibel (dB) in telecommunication.
The decibel is a unit of power ratio. The power ratio is
expressed as
Where P1 is input power (Normally) and P2 is output power.

ACRONYMS
ARPA — Advanced Research Project Agency
AT & T — American Telephone and Telegraph
CCITT — Consultative Committee on International Telegraphy and Telephony
DARPA — Defense Advanced Research Project Agency
DOD — Department of Defense
EAX — Electronic Automatic Exchange
ESS — Electronic Switching System
GOS — Grade of Service
IN — Intelligent Network
ISDN — Integrated Services Digital Network
ITU-T — International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication sector
MAN — Metropolitan Area Network
NPN — New Public Network
POTS — Plain Old Telephone systems
PSTN — Public Switched Telephone Network
SPC — Stored Program Control
WAN — Wide Area Network
THANK YOU!

Telecommunication Switching & Networks

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Telecommunication Switching & Networks

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Telecommunication Switching & Networks

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TELECOMMUNICATION

SWITCHING & NETWORKS

 End system or Instruments

The end system or instruments are a transmitter

The transmission on links conveys the

A switching system is a collection of

Where P1 is input power (Normally) and P2 is output power.

You might also like