Samsung Electronics (I) Pvt. LTD.: From RF Validation Team East Zone Presented By: Sandeep Jain

From RF Validation Team East Zone
Presented By: Sandeep Jain
Samsung Electronics (I) Pvt. Ltd.

 Introduction of MIMO
 Types of MIMO Techniques
 Technique description
 Antenna wise Calculation of Throughput
 All radio communications systems, regardless of whether mobile radio networks
like 3GPP UMTS or wireless radio networks like WLAN, must continually provide
higher data rates. In addition to conventional methods, such as introducing higher
modulation types or providing larger bandwidths, this is also being achieved by
using multiple antenna systems (Multiple Input, Multiple Output – MIMO).
 This application note gives an introduction to basic MIMO concepts and

terminology and explains how MIMO is implemented in the different radio
communications standards. The MIMO terminology refers to the channel, thus the
transmitter is the channel input and the receiver the channel output.
 Single Antenna
 Transmit Diversity
 Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing
 Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing
 Closed Loop with Pre-Coding
 Multi User MIMU MU-MIMU
 Beam-forming
 This is the form of wireless transmission used on most basic
wireless links. A single data stream is transmitted on one
antenna and received by one or more antennas. It may also be
referred to as SISO: Single In Single Out or SIMO Single In
Multiple Out dependent upon the antennas used. SIMO is also
called receive diversity
SIMO-Receive Diversity
 When there are more TX than RX antennas, this is called TX diversity. The simplest scenario uses two
TX and one RX antenna (MISO, 2x1).
 In this case, the same data is transmitted redundantly over two antennas. This method has the
advantage that the multiple antennas and redundancy coding is moved from the mobile UE to the base
station, where these technologies are simpler and cheaper to implement.
 To generate a redundant signal, space-time codes are used. Alamouti developed the first codes for two
antennas.
Alamouti Coding
 Space-time codes additionally improve the performance and make spatial diversity usable. The signal copy is
transmitted not only from a different antenna but also at a different time. This delayed transmission is called
delayed diversity. Space-time codes combine spatial and temporal signal copies as illustrated in Figure. The
signals s1 and s2 are multiplexed in two data chains. After that, a signal replication is added to create the
Alamouti space-time block code.
Transmit Diversity
 This form of MIMO used within the LTE system involves
sending two information streams which can be transmitted
over two or more antennas. However there is no feedback
from the UE although a TRI, Transmit Rank Indicator
transmitted from the UE can be used by the base station to
determine the number of spatial layers
TRI – Transmission Rank Indicator

PMI – Pre-Coding Matrix Indicator
 This form of LTE MIMO is similar to the open loop version,
but as the name indicates it has feedback incorporated to
close the loop. A PMI, Pre-coding Matrix Indicator is feed
back from the UE to the base station. This enables the
transmitter to pre-code the data to optimize the transmission
and enable the receiver to more easily separate the different
data streams.
TRI – Transmission Rank Indicator

PMI – Pre-Coding Matrix Indicator
 Rank Indication is one of the important input to eNB , in selection of the
transmission layer in downlink data transmission. Even though the system is
configured in transmission mode 3 (or open loop spatial multiplexing) for a
particular UE and if the same UE report the Rank Indication value 1 to eNB, eNB
will start sending the data in Tx diversity mode to UE . If UE report Rank Indication
2 , eNB will start sending the downlink data in MIMO mode (Transmission Mode 3).
 Why we need this RI in LTE concept? When UE experience bad SNR and it would be
difficult (error prone) to decode transmitted downlink data it gives early warning
to eNB by stating Rank Indication value as 1. When UE experience good SNR it pass
this information to eNB by indicating rank value as 2.
 Because of this reason, you might have observed that some time data transmitted
by eNB is in Tx diversity mode, though MIMO was configured and hence you may
have observed less downlink throughput than expected one.
 However, it is not necessary that eNB will always change the transmission mode
based on RI value, it could be implementation specific decision.
 This is another form of LTE MIMO, but where a single code
word is transmitted over a single spatial layer. This can be
used as a fall-back mode for closed loop spatial multiplexing
and it may also be associated with beam-forming as well
 This form of LTE MIMO enables the system to
target different spatial streams to different users
 This is the most complex of the MIMO modes and it is likely to use
linear arrays that will enable the antenna to focus on a particular
area. This will reduce interference, and increase capacity as the
particular UE will have a beam formed in their particular direction. In
this a single code word is transmitted over a single spatial layer. A
dedicated reference signal is used for an additional port. The
terminal estimates the channel quality from the common reference
signals on the antennas
 Resource Block (RB): 12 Subcarriers x 7 OFDM Symbols in Normal CP (0.5 ms = 1 Time Slot).
 Physical Resource Block (PRB) = 2*Resource Block = 12 Subcarriers x 14 OFDM in 1ms
 One Physical Resource Block (PRB) = 12*7*2 = 168 Resource Element (RE)
RE can deliver 2, 4, 6, 8 bits in QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, 256QAM respectively.
 If we calculate for 64QAM as 6bits since 256QAM not widely spread (check Samsung S7 in T-Mobile).
 20MHz ==> 100 PRB ==> 100*168*1000 = 16,800,000 RE in 1 s.
 Maximum Physical Throughput in LTE is (16800 RE) * (6bits) * (1000ms) = 100.8 Mbps.
 Antenna 1TX1R = 75.376 Mbps
Throughput calculation as per implemented of

64-QAM modulation scheme and 20 Mhz
bandwidth allocation
The MIMO data rate is then 2 x 25.2 = 100.8 Mbps. We now have to subtract the overhead related to control signaling such as PDCCH and PBCH channels,
reference & synchronization signals, and coding. These are estimated as follows:
PDCCH channel can take 1 to 3 symbols out of 14 in a subframe. Assuming that on average it is 2.5 symbols, the amount of overhead due to PDCCH becomes 2.5/14 = 17.86 %.
Downlink RS signal uses 4 symbols in every third subcarrier resulting in 16/336 = 4.76% overhead for 2×2 MIMO configuration
The other channels (PSS, SSS, PBCH, PCFICH, PHICH) added together amount to ~2.6% of overhead

Samsung Electronics (I) Pvt. LTD.: From RF Validation Team East Zone Presented By: Sandeep Jain

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Samsung Electronics (I) Pvt. LTD.: From RF Validation Team East Zone Presented By: Sandeep Jain

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Samsung Electronics (I) Pvt. LTD.: From RF Validation Team East Zone Presented By: Sandeep Jain

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

From RF Validation Team East Zone

Presented By: Sandeep Jain

Samsung Electronics (I) Pvt. Ltd.

 This application note gives an introduction to basic MIMO concepts and

TRI – Transmission Rank Indicator

TRI – Transmission Rank Indicator

 20MHz ==> 100 PRB ==> 1001681000 = 16,800,000 RE in 1 s.

 Antenna 2TX2R = 150.752 Mbps

 Antenna 4TX4R = 301.504 Mbps

Throughput calculation as per implemented of

You might also like