Classification of Cutting Tools

Classification of cutting tools:
Depending up on the number of cutting edges the cutting tools

used in metal cutting are classified as
1.SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOLS
2. MULTI POINT CUTTING TOOLS
1.Single point cutting tools:
This type of tool has a effective cutting edge and removes excess
material from the work piece along the cutting edge.
Single point cutting tools are of the following types
1.Ground type
2.Forged type
3.Tipped type
4.Bit type
Ground type: the cutting edge is formed by grinding the end of a piece
of a tool steel stock.
Forged type: the cutting edge is formed by rough forging before
hardening and grinding.
Classification of cutting tools: (cont…)
Tipped type: the cutting edge is in the form of a small tip, made
of high grade material which is welded to the shank of lower
grade material.
Bit type: a high grade material of a square or rectangular or
some other shape is held mechanically in a tool holder.
2. Multi point cutting tools:

According to the cutting edges:
The tools which have more than one cutting edge those tools
called it as multi point cutting tools.
e.g: drills, milling cutters, grinding wheels, broaches etc.
Orthogonal cutting and oblique cutting:
The two basic methods of metal cutting using a single point tool
are, orthogonal (or) 2- dimensional cutting
oblique (or) 3- dimensional cutting.
Orthogonal cutting takes place when the cutting face of the

tool is 90 to the line of action (or) path of the tool.
If the cutting face is inclined at an angle less than 90 to the
path of the tool, the cutting action known as oblique.
Orthogonal cutting oblique cutting Cutting forces
Orthogonal cutting
Fx---Feed force Fx, acts in horizontal plane but in the direction

oppsite to the feed.
Fy---Thrust force Fy, acts in the direction perpendicular to the
generated surface.
Fz----cutting force Fz, acts perpendicular to the direction of main
cutting motion
Diff. between orthogonal cutting and oblique cutting
TOOL GEOMETRY:
The desirability of getting maximum usage from a tool before it
needs regrinding is one of the objective of the tool technology.
Tool geometry refers to the--------tool angles, shape of a tool face

and form of the cutting edges.
The most important features in a single point cutting tool are cutting
edges and adjacent surfaces.
NOMENCLATURE OF A SINGLE POINT CUTTING TOOL:
Optimum tool geometry depends up on the following factors:

1. Work piece material
2. Machining variables speed, feed and depth of cut
3. Cutting tool material
4.Type of cutting
TOOL DESIGNATION (OR) TOOL SIGNATURE:
The tool angles have been standardized by the AMERICAN

STANDARDS ASSOCIATION (A.S.A), the seven elements comprises
the following order
Back rake angle

Side rake angle
End relief angle
Side relief angle
End cutting edge angle
Side cutting edge angle
and NOSE RADIOUS
TOOL DESIGNATION (OR) TOOL SIGNATURE: (CONT..)
TOOL FAILURE:
During cutting operation the tool shows unsatisfactory performance
that indicates tool failure.
Tool failure may occur because of failure of geometry of cutting tool(
tool wear).
The following observations can be made when the

tool fails:
1.Excessive surface roughness is observed
2.The tool gets overheated
3.Tool failure leads increased cutting forces and therefore
power requirements will be more
4.If the tool is failed burnishing band will appear on the w/p
surface.
5.Tool ceases to produce the required size of work-piece
TOOL LIFE:
The tool life is defined as the time elapsed between two successive
grindings of the tool.
During this period the tool cuts effectively and efficiently.
There are number of ways to express the tool life:

1.No of work pieces machined
2.Volume of the material removed
3.Time bound
Tool life expressed commonly in “ minutes”
e.g. cast tool steel--------------------124 minutes

H.S.S---------------------------------60 to 120 min.
carbide tools----------------------420 to 480 min.
TOOL LIFE(cont…)
At the beginning of the 19th century (1907), Frederic winslow TAYLOR
developed the relationship between tool life and cutting speed based
on his exhaustive experimental work.
n
This classical TAYLOR’S Equation = VT c =
Where V-----Cutting speed (m/min)

T-----Tool life (min)
n-----an exponent
C=constant depending up on the cutting conditions and work
material
PARAMETERS EFFECTING THE TOOL LIFE:
1.Machining variables speed, feed, depth of cut
2.Type of cutting such as i.e intermittent or continuous
3.Tool geometry
4.Tool material
5. Machining conditions i.e temp. of work & tool, type of cutting fluid
used
6.Type of material(properties)being cut
microstructure of the w/p material
hardness & tensile strength of the material
degree of the material coldworked

Classification of Cutting Tools

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Classification of cutting tools:

Depending up on the number of cutting edges the cutting tools

2. Multi point cutting tools:

Orthogonal cutting takes place when the cutting face of the

Fx---Feed force Fx, acts in horizontal plane but in the direction

Tool geometry refers to the--------tool angles, shape of a tool face

Optimum tool geometry depends up on the following factors:

The tool angles have been standardized by the AMERICAN

Back rake angle

The following observations can be made when the

During this period the tool cuts effectively and efficiently.

There are number of ways to express the tool life:

Tool life expressed commonly in “ minutes”

e.g. cast tool steel--------------------124 minutes

Where V-----Cutting speed (m/min)

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