Research Methodology for

Electronics Engineers 3EN501

by
Dr. S. D. Ruikar
Syllabus
Module 5
• Research Communication, Writing a conference paper, Journal Paper,
Technical report, dissertation/thesis writing. Presentation techniques,
Patents and other IPRs, software used for report writing such as
WORD, Latex etc.
Module 6
• Case studies: Related to Electronics Engineering.

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How to write a research journal article in
engineering and science

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Before starting to write
• What is the message of the paper?
• What is the new result or contribution that you want to describe?
• What do you want to convince people of?

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Structure and function of the article: What to
write
1. Abstract
2. Introduction
3. Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Summary and Conclusions
7. Acknowledgments
8. References

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The Abstract
The abstract should inform the reader in a succinct manner as to what
the article is about and what the major contributions are that are
discussed

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The Introduction
• The introduction is perhaps the most important sections in a research
article. Nearly every reader will at least skim through the introduction. The
introduction is also written with the strictest requirements in terms of
organization.
Paragraph 1
• Start with an attention-getting broad statement that establishes a general
topic for the article.
• Narrow the topic in successive sentences that outline the state of the art
and introduce a gap in knowledge.
• End the introductory paragraph with a general statement of the problem
and optional supporting/specifying statements.

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The Introduction contd…
Middle paragraphs
• The literature review identifies the seminal historical contributions,
outlines the state of knowledge, and justifies the novelty of the article
contribution.
Final paragraph
• The introduction ends with the “road-map” paragraph. This paragraph
outlines the remaining sections of the paper. It can either give a general
outline of the contribution, or a specific, section-by-section breakdown of
the remaining article.
• End the introduction by outlining for the reader the specific contribution of
the article and tell the reader the overall organization

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The Methods
• Describe all of the techniques used to obtain the results in a separate,
objective Methods section

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The Results
• Results should be clear, convincing, and general and should be free
from interpretations or opinions

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The Discussion
• A common feature of the discussion section is comparison between
measured and modeled data or comparison among various modeling
methods.
• How do the results compare with earlier work?
• What is new and significant?
• Discussion sections interpret the results to reach the main conclu-
sions of the article

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The Summary and Conclusions
• The final section of the paper does not introduce any new
information or insights: it merely summarizes and concludes.
• This section is longer than the abstract and generally includes more
specific conclusions.
• It is often more quantitative than the abstract, however, listing
equations or citations should not be necessary .
• The summary and conclusions section also has a more fluid literary
style than the abstract.

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The Summary and Conclusions contd…
• A good format for this section is to write it in two paragraphs.
• The first paragraph summarizes various sections of the article.
• The second paragraph draws the important conclusions.
• The summary paragraph is different than that at the end of the
introduction section.
• Here, the summary paragraph draws on the fact that the reader
knows all of the new results presented in the article.
• It then summarizes what the important results where.
• The conclusion paragraph identifies the significant conclusions.

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The Summary and Conclusions contd…
Two possible formats for second paragraph
1. Organize based on logical flow for points that are interconnected.
2. Organize based on merit, where the most important items appear
first

• The summary and conclusions section tells the reader what has
already been read and draws the important conclusions keep it short
and make it as specific as possible

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The Acknowledgments
• The acknowledgments are given at the end of the research paper and
should at a minimum name the sources of funding that contributed to
the article.
• You may also recognize other people who contributed to the article or
data contained in the article, but at a level of effort that does not
justify their inclusion as authors.

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The References
• All reference works cited in the paper must appear in a list of
references that follow the formatting requirements of the journal in
which the article is to be published.
• You may not include references that were not cited.
• Refereed journal articles, research monographs, and books are
preferred over less stable or reliable sources, such as personal
communications, unrefereed conference proceedings, or web-site
addresses.

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Literary style: How to write
• Scientific writing does not leave a lot of room for creativity, but good
writing style is inherently more understandable and enjoyable to read.
• Readers respond well when sentences have a varied length and when
paragraphs have a consistent length.
• There should be a good mix of short and long sentences.
• There should also be a mix of sentence structure.
• Punctuation, the use of subordinate clauses and compound sentences, and
varied tempo are examples of ways to alternate sentence length. On the
other hand, readers prefer paragraphs to be of about equal length.
• Long paragraphs are daunting; short paragraphs make it difficult to fully
develop an idea.

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The review process: What to expect

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Publication

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The general outline of a journal article with the
governing principles outlined above is
presented here as follows:

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REPORT WRITING
• Introduction
• Meaning and Purpose of a Research Report
• Characteristics of Report
• Functions of Research Report
• Types of Reports
• Planning Report Writing
• Styles of Outlining
• Arrangement of Materials
• Research Report Format

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Introduction
• The research report is a means for communicating our research
experiences to others and adding them to the fund of knowledge.

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MEANING AND PURPOSE OF A RESEARCH
REPORT
• A research report is a formal statement of the research process and
its results.
• It narrates the problem studied, methods used for studying it and the
findings and conclusions of the study.
• The purpose of a research report is to communicate to interested
persons the methodology and the results of the study in such a
manner as to enable them to understand the research process and to
determine the validity of the conclusions.

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CHARACTERICTICS OF A REPORT
• A research report is a narrative but authoritative document on the
outcome of a research effort.
• It presents highly specific information for a clearly designated
audience.
• It is non persuasive as a form of communication.

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FUNCTIONS OF A RESEARCH REPORT
1. It serves as a means for presenting the problem studied methods
and techniques used for collecting and analyzing data, the findings,
conclusions and recommendations, in an organised manner.
2. It serves as a basic reference material for future use in developing
research proposals in the same or related area.
3. A report serves as a means for judging the quality of the completed
research project.

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FUNCTIONS OF A RESEARCH REPORT contd…
4. It is a means for evaluating the researcher’s ability and competence
to do research.
5. It provides factual base for formulating policies and strategies
relating to the subject matter studied.
6. It provides systematic knowledge on problems and issues analysed.

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TYPES OF REPORTS
1. technical report
2. popular report
3. interim report
4. summary report
5. research abstract
6. research article

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Technical Report/Thesis
• This is a comprehensive full report of the research process and its
outcome.
• It is primarily meant for academic community i.e. the scientists of the
researcher’s discipline and other researcher’s.
• It is a formal long report covering all the aspects of the research
process: a description of the problem studied, the objectives of the
study, methods and techniques used a detailed account of sampling
field and other research procedures, sources of data, tools of data
collection, methods of data processing and analysis, detailed findings
and conclusions and suggestions.

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Popular Report
• This type of report is designed for an audience of
executives/administrators and other non-technical users.
• The requirement of this audience is different.
• The reader is less concerned with methodological details but more
interested in studying quickly the major findings and conclusion.

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Interim Report
• When there is a long time lag between data collection and the
presentation of the results in the case of a sponsored project, the
study may lose its significance and usefulness and the sponsor may
also lose interest in it.
• One of the most effective ways to avoid such eventualities is to
present an interim report.
• The interim report contains a narration of what has been done so far
and what was its outcome.
• It presents a summary of the findings of that part of analysis which
has been completed.
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Summary Report
• A summary report is generally prepared for the consumption of the
lay audience, viz. the general public.
• The preparation for this type of report is desirable for any study
whose findings are general interest.
• It is written in non-technical, simple language with a liberal use of
pictorial charts.
• It just contains a brief reference to the objective of the study, its
major findings and their implications.

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Research Abstract
• This is a short summary of the technical report.
• It is usually prepared by a doctoral students on the eve of submitting,
his/her thesis.
• Its copies are sent by the university along with the letters of request
to the examiners invited to evaluate the thesis.
• It contains a brief presentation of the statements of the problem, the
objectives of the study methods and techniques used and an
overview of the report.

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Research Article
• This is designed for publication in a professional journal.
• If a study has two or more aspects that can be discussed
independently, it may be advisable to write separate articles rather
than to crowd too many things into single article.

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PLANNING REPORT WRITING
• This planning process involves the following considerations and steps.
• As a research report is a means of communication we have to
consider some basic questions, which determine the effectiveness of
communication, namely, ‘who’ says ‘what’ to whom in which was
with what effect.
• The target Audience: The target audiences may be classified into
1. the academic (scientific) community
2. the sponsors of research, and
3. the general public.

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STYLES OF OUTLINING
• There are two styles of outlining
1. topic outline and
2. sentence outline.
• In the topic outline the topic heading and the sub topic headings are
noted and the points to be discussed under each, subheading may be
denoted by one or two key words.
• In the sentence outline the essential ideas to be discussed under each
subtopic are stated.

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STYLES OF
OUTLINING
contd…

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ARRANGEMENT OF MATERIALS
• After the detailed outline developed, it should be studied carefully to
see whether all aspects have been fully covered and arranged in a
logical sequence.

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RESEARCH REPORT FORMAT
Report outline.
A. Prefatory Items
1. Title page
2. Researcher’s declaration
3. The certificate of the research Supervisor
4. Preface/Acknowledgements
5. Table of contents
6. List of tables
7. List of graphs and charts
8. Abstracts or synopsis

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RESEARCH REPORT FORMAT contd…
1. Introduction
a) Theoretical background of the topic
b) Statement of the problem
c) Review of Literature
d) The scope of the present study
e) The objectives of the study
f) Hypotheses to tested
g) Definition of concepts
h) Model, if any.

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RESEARCH REPORT FORMAT contd…
B. Body of the Report
2. The design of the study
a) Methodology
• overall typology
• methods of data collection
b) Sources of data
c) Sampling plan
d) Data collection instruments
e) Filed work
f) Data processing and analysis plan
g) An overview of the report
h) Limitations of the study
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RESEARCH REPORT FORMAT contd…
3. Results:- Findings and Discussion
4. Summary, conclusions and Recommendations
C. Terminal Items
1. Bibliography
2. Appendix
a) Copies of data collection instruments
b) Technical details of sampling plan
c) Complex tables
d) Glossary of new terms used in the report.

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PRECAUTIONS FOR WRITING RESEARCH
REPORTS
• While determining the length of the report (since research reports vary
greatly in length), one should keep in view the fact that it should be long
enough to cover the subject but short enough to maintain interest. In fact,
report-writing should not be a means to learning more and more about
less and less.
• A research report should not, if this can be avoided, be dull; it should be
such as to sustain reader’s interest.
• Abstract terminology and technical jargon should be avoided in a research
report. The report should be able to convey the matter as simply as
possible. This, in other words, means that report should be written in an
objective style in simple language, avoiding expressions such as “it seems,”
“there may be” and the like.

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PRECAUTIONS FOR WRITING RESEARCH
REPORTS contd…
• Readers are often interested in acquiring a quick knowledge of the main
findings and as such the report must provide a ready availability of the
findings. For this purpose, charts graphs and the statistical tables may be
used for the various results in the main report in addition to the summary
of important findings.
• The layout of the report should be well thought out and must be
appropriate and in accordance with the objective of the research problem.
• The reports should be free from grammatical mistakes and must be
prepared strictly in accordance with the techniques of composition of
report-writing such as the use of quotations, footnotes, documentation,
proper punctuation and use of abbreviations in footnotes and the like.,
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PRECAUTIONS FOR WRITING RESEARCH
REPORTS contd…
• The report must present the logical analysis of the subject matter. It must
reflect a structure wherein the different pieces of analysis relating to the
research problem fit well.
• A research report should show originality and should necessarily be an
attempt to solve some intellectual problem. It must contribute to the
solution of a problem and must add to the store of knowledge.
• Towards the end, the report must also state the policy implications relating
to the problem under consideration. It is usually considered desirable if the
report makes a forecast of the probable future of the subject concerned
and indicates the kinds of research still needs to be done in that particular
field.
• Appendices should be enlisted in respect of all the technical data in the
report.

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PRECAUTIONS FOR WRITING RESEARCH
REPORTS contd…
• Bibliography of sources consulted is a must for a good report and must
necessarily be given.
• Index is also considered an essential part of a good report and as such must
be prepared and appended at the end.
• Report must be attractive in appearance, neat and clean, whether typed or
printed.
• Calculated confidence limits must be mentioned and the various
constraints experienced in conducting the research study may also be
stated in the report.
• Objective of the study, the nature of the problem, the methods employed
and the analysis techniques adopted must all be clearly stated in the
beginning of the report in the form of introduction.

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Intellectual property Right
• Intellectual property Right (IPR) is a term used for various legal
entitlements which attach to certain types of information, ideas, or
other intangibles in their expressed form.
What is Intellectual Property?
• Intellectual property is an intangible creation of the human mind,
usually expressed or translated into a tangible form that is assigned
certain rights of property.
• Examples of intellectual property include an author's copyright on a
book or article, a distinctive logo design representing a soft drink
company and its products, unique design elements of a web site, or a
patent on the process to manufacture chewing gum.
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Intellectual property Right
What is Intellectual Property Rights?
• Intellectual property rights (IPR) can be defined as the rights given to
people over the creation of their minds. They usually give the creator
an exclusive right over the use of his/her creations for a certain
period of time.
• Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind: inventions,
literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs
used in commerce.

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Categories of Intellectual Property Rights
• IPRs that stimulate inventive and creative activities (patents, utility
models, industrial designs, copyright, plant breeders’ rights and
layout designs for integrated circuits) and
• IPRs that offer information to consumers (trademarks and
geographical indications).

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Categories of Intellectual Property
• Industrial Property
• Copyright
• Industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks,
industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and
• Copyright, which includes literary and artistic works such as novels,
poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as
drawings, paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural
designs. Rights related to copyright include those of performing
artists in their performances, producers of phonograms in their
recordings, and those of broadcasters in theirradio and television
programs
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Intellectual property shall include the right
relating to
1. Literary, artistic and scientific works;
2. Performance of performing artists;
3. Inventions in all fields of human endeavour;
4. Scientific discoveries;
5. Industrial designs;
6. Trademarks, service marks and etc;
7. Protection against unfair competition.

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Rights protected under Intellectual Property
The different types of Intellectual Property Rights are:
1. Patents
2. Copyrights
3. Trademarks
4. Industrial designs
5. Protection of Integrated Circuits layout design
6. Geographical indications of goods
7. Biological diversity
8. Plant varieties and farmers rights
9. Undisclosed information

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Intellectual Property
• Inventions
• Trademarks
• Industrial design
• Geographical indications

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Copyright
• Writings
• Paintings
• Musical works
• Dramatics works
• Audio-visual works
• Sound recordings
• Photographic works
• Broadcast
• Sculpture
• Drawings
• Architectural works etc.

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PATENTS
What is Patent?
• Patent is a grant for an invention by the Government to the inventor in exchange
for full disclosure of the invention.
• A patent is an exclusive right granted by law to applicants / assignees to make use
of and exploit their inventions for a limited period of time (generally 20 years
from filing).
• The patent holder has the legal right to exclude others from commercially
exploiting his invention for the duration of this period. In return for exclusive
rights, the applicant is obliged to disclose the invention to the public in a manner
that enables others, skilled in the art, to replicate the invention.
• The patent system is designed to balance the interests of applicants /
assignees(exclusive rights) and the interests of society (disclosure of invention).

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Meaning of ‘Invention’ under Patent Law
• Sec.2(1)(J) - Invention” means a new product or process involving an
inventive step and capable of industrial application

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What is not an ‘Invention’?
According to Sec 3 of the Patent Act, 1970
• Frivolous inventions
• Inventions contrary to well established natural laws
• Commercial exploitation or primary use of inventions,
• which is contrary to public order or morality
• which causes serious prejudice to health or human, animal, plant life or to the
environment
• Mere Discovery of a Scientific Principle or
• Formulation of an Abstract Theory or
• Discovery of any living thing or
• Discovery of non–living substance occurring in nature

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What is not an ‘Invention’?
• Mere discovery of any new property or new use for a known substance or of
the mere use of a known process, machine or apparatus, unless such known
process results in a new product or employs at least one new reactant.
• Substance obtained by mere admixture resulting only in the aggregation of the
properties of the components thereof or a process for producing such
substance
• Mere arrangement or re-arrangement or duplication of known devices, each
functioning independently of one another in a known way
• Method of Agriculture or Horticulture
• Any process for medicinal, surgical, curative, prophylactic, diagnostic,
therapeutic or other treatment of human beings or a similar treatment of
animals to render them free of disease or to increase their economic value or
that of their products

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What is not an ‘Invention’?
• Plants & animals in whole or any part thereof other than micro- organisms, but including
seeds, varieties an d species and essentially biological process for production or
propagation of plants & animals
• mathematical method or
• business method or
• algorithms or
• computer programme per se
• A literary,dramatic, musical or artistic work or any other aesthetic creation including
cinematographic work and television productions
• Presentation of information
• Topography of integrated circuits.
• Inventions which are Traditional Knowledge or an aggregation or duplication of known
properties of traditionally known component or components

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What is meant by ‘New”?
• The invention to be patented must not be published in India or
elsewhere, or in prior public knowledge or prior public use with in
India or claimed before in any specification in India
• A feature of an invention that involves technical advance as compared
to the existing knowledge or have economic significance or both and
makes the invention not obvious to a person skilled in the art.

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What can be patented?
• Any invention concerning with composition, construction or
manufacture of a substance, of an article or of an apparatus or an
industrial type of process.

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What cannot be patented?
• Inventions falling within Section 20(1) of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962

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Who are the beneficiaries of the patent grant?
1. The inventor is secure from competition and can exploit the
invention for his gain.
2. For the public the invention becomes public knowledge. The
technology is freely available after expiry of patent and cheaper and
better products become available.

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Patent System In India
• The Patent System in India is governed by the Patents Act, 1970 as
amended by the Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005 and the Patents
Rules, 2003, as amended by the Patents (Amendment) Rules 2006
effective from 05-05-2006
• Hierarchy of Officers in Patent office
• Controller General of Patents, Designs, Trademarks & GI
• Examiners of Patents & Designs
• Assistant Controller of Patents & Designs
• Deputy Controller of Patents & Designs
• Joint Controller of Patents & Designs
• Senior Joint Controller of Patents & Designs

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Types Of Patent Applications
1. Ordinary Application
2. Application for Patent of Addition (granted for Improvement or
Modification of the already patented invention, for an unexpired
term of the main patent).
3. Divisional Application (in case of plurality of inventions disclosed in
the main application).
4. Convention application, claiming priority date on the basis of filing
in Convention Countries.
5. National Phase Application under PCT.

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Who can apply for Patent?
• The inventor may make an application, either alone or jointly with
another, or his/their assignee or legal representative of any deceased
inventor or his assignee.

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How is a patent obtained?
• File an application for patent
• With one of the patent offices based on territorial jurisdiction of the place of
office or residence of the applicant /agent
• Pay the required fee
• Information concerning application form and details of fee available at
www.ipindia.nic.in
• Guidelines for applicants also available on this website
• The Patent Office then
• Conducts searches to ascertain the prerequisites
• Publishes the application
• Conducts in-depth examination
• Raises objection to the application
• Grants the patent

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What is meant by patentable invention?
• A new product or process, involving an inventive step and capable of
being made or used in an industry. It means the invention to be
patentable should be technical in nature and should meet the
following criteria –
1. Novelty: The matter disclosed in the specification is not published
in India or elsewhere before the date of filing of the patent
application in India.
2. Inventive Step: The invention is not obvious to a person skilled in
the art in the light of the prior publication/knowledge/ document.
3. Industrially applicable: Invention should possess utility, so that it
can be made or used in an industry.
Research Methodology by S D Ruikar 67
Appropriate office for filing an application &
for other Proceedings
• Application is required to be filed according to the territorial limits
where the applicant or the first mentioned applicant in case of joint
applicants, for a patent normally resides or has domicile or has a
place of business or the place from where the invention actually
originated.

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Publication and Examination of Patent
Applications
• Publication
• Request for examination
• Examination

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What are the documents required for filing a
Patent application?
1. Application form in duplicate (Form 1).
2. Provisional or complete specification in duplicate. If the provisional
specification is filed, it must be followed by the complete
specification within 12 months. (Form 2).
3. Drawing in duplicate (if necessary).
4. Abstract of the invention in duplicate.
5. Information & undertaking listing the number, filing date & current
status of each foreign patent application in duplicate (Form 3).

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What are the documents required for filing a
Patent application?
6. Priority document (if priority date is claimed) in convention
application, when directed by the Controller.
7. Declaration of inventorship where provisional specification is
followed by complete specification or in case of convention/PCT
national phase application (Form 5).
8. Power of attorney (if filed through Patent Agent).
9. Fee (to be paid in cash/by cheque/by demand draft) (Schedule I).

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Specifications
• Provisional specification
• 1) Title of invention,
• 2) Field of invention,
• 3) Background of invention with regard to the drawback associated with known art,
• 4) Object of invention,
• 5) Statement of invention,
• 6) A summary of invention,
• 53
• 7) A brief description of the accompanying drawing,
• 8) Detailed description of the invention with reference to drawing/examples,
• 9) Claim(s),
• 10) Abstract.

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Specifications
1. Title of invention,
2. Field of invention,
3. Background of invention with regard to the drawback associated with known
art,
4. Object of invention,
5. Statement of invention,
6. A summary of invention,
7. A brief description of the accompanying drawing,
8. Detailed description of the invention with reference to drawing/examples,
9. Claim(s),
10. Abstract.

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E-filing of Patent applications
• E-filing is a service provided by the Intellectual Property Office, India
in order to enable customers to apply for a patent on-line allowing
from the User’s browser for the User to:
• Complete an electronic application form
• Provide the associated attachments
• Complete the necessary payment details

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Procedure for e-filing
1. Acquire Class 3 Digital Signatures either from (n) Code Solutions, Tata
Consultancy Services (TCS) & Safe Script.
2. New users (Applicants, Agents or Attorneys), can complete online
registration by providing Digital Signature details to get a User ID and
Password for using the e-Filing System of Indian Patent Office (IPO).
3. Secure Login into the system with created User Id and the Password.
4. Download the Client Software for preparing Patent Application Offline
with required documents and Digitally Sign it for uploading on IPO
Server.
5. Fill Patent Application offline and generate an XML file using Client
Software.

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Procedure for e-filing
6. After creating application (XML) file offline, Digitally Sign the XML file
(Max. file size permitted 5MB) for uploading on to the IPO Server.
7. Login into e-Patent portal (http://ipindia.gov.in) for uploading
Application XML file on IPO Server.
8. Upload & Submit Digitally Signed XML file to IPO Server.
9. Process Application for EFT (Electronic Fund Transfer) using State Bank of
India(SBI) & Axis Bank Payment Gateways.
10. Review Application Status on e-Patent Portal.
11. On successful EFT acknowledgement details would be displayed/
generated.
12. Print Acknowledgement. Click on "Print" to generate printout of
acknowledgement

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Thank you all for
patience listening

Research Methodology by S D Ruikar 77

Research Methodology by S D Ruikar 78