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    Active Transport: Cristine R. Salvacion

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    JezterE.BalladosItsuji
    Active transport requires cellular energy to move substances against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins like pumps and transporters. Primary active transport directly uses ATP to pump ions like sodium and potassium across the membrane against their gradients. Secondary active transport utilizes the gradients set up by primary transport to move other substances against their gradients. Bulk transport methods like endocytosis bring larger particles into cells through vesicle formation, while exocytosis expels material from cells.

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    Active Transport: Cristine R. Salvacion

    Uploaded by

    JezterE.BalladosItsuji
    22 views21 pages
    Active transport requires cellular energy to move substances against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins like pumps and transporters. Primary active transport directly uses ATP to pump ions like sodium and potassium across the membrane against their gradients. Secondary active transport utilizes the gradients set up by primary transport to move other substances against their gradients. Bulk transport methods like endocytosis bring larger particles into cells through vesicle formation, while exocytosis expels material from cells.

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    Active Transport

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    Active transport requires cellular energy to move substances against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins like pumps and transporters. Primary active transport directly uses ATP to pump ions like sodium and potassium across the membrane against their gradients. Secondary active transport utilizes the gradients set up by primary transport to move other substances against their gradients. Bulk transport methods like endocytosis bring larger particles into cells through vesicle formation, while exocytosis expels material from cells.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    22 views21 pages

    Active Transport: Cristine R. Salvacion

    Uploaded by

    JezterE.BalladosItsuji
    Active transport requires cellular energy to move substances against their concentration gradient using carrier proteins like pumps and transporters. Primary active transport directly uses ATP to pump ions like sodium and potassium across the membrane against their gradients. Secondary active transport utilizes the gradients set up by primary transport to move other substances against their gradients. Bulk transport methods like endocytosis bring larger particles into cells through vesicle formation, while exocytosis expels material from cells.

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    of 21

    ACTIVE

    TRANSPORT

    Cristine R. Salvacion
    Active Transport
    - cellular transport that requires the
    use of the cell’s energy, usually in the
    form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

    - used when a substance must move


    against its concentration gradient.

    - move small molecular-weight


    materials
    Electrochemical Gradient
    Concentration Gradient - a physical
    space in which there is a range of
    concentrations of a single substance

    Electrical Gradient – a difference of


    charge
    The combined gradient of concentration and
    electrical charge that affects the ion is called
    its ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT
    Moving against a gradient
    Active transport mechanisms or Pumps

    – work against electrochemical


    gradients

    - maintains concentrations of ions and


    other substances needed by living cells
    Carrier Proteins or Transporters

    - pumps coupled to an energy source to


    facilitate movement

    - three types:
    UNIPORTER – carries one specific ion or
    molecule
    SYMPORTER – carries two different ions or
    molecules in the same direction
    ANTIPORTER – carries two different ions or
    molecules in different directions
    PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT

    - directly uses a source of chemical energy to


    move molecules across a membrane against their
    gradient

    - One of the most important pumps in animal


    cells is the sodium-potassium pump (Na ^+-K ^+
    ATPase, which moves Na^+ out of cells, and
    K^+into them (ratio of 3 Na^+ for every 2 K^+.
    Sodium-potassium pump is therefore an
    electrogenic pump (creates a charge
    imbalance)
    Process:
    1. Enzyme is oriented towards the interior of
    the cell. With high affinity for Na+, 3 ions
    bind to the protein

    2. ATP is hydrolyzed by the carrier and low-


    energy phosphate group attach to it.

    3. Carrier reshape and re-orients towards the


    exterior of the membrane. Affinity decreases
    and Na+ leave the carrier.
    4. Affinity for K+ increases and 2 ions
    attach to the protein. The low-energy
    phosphate group detaches.

    5. The carrier repositions towards the


    interior of the cell.

    6. Affinity for K+ decreases and the 2


    ions are released.
    SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
    (Co-transport)
    - The electrochemical gradients set up by
    primary active transport store energy, which
    can be released as the ions move back down
    their gradients. Secondary active transport
    uses the energy stored in these gradients to
    move other substances against their own
    gradients.
    BULK
    TRANSPORT
    Bulk Transport
    - remove and take in larger molecules and
    particles.

    ENDOCYTOSIS
    - moves particles, such as large
    molecules, parts of cells, and even whole
    cells, into a cell
    - For some process, CLATHRIN is needed
    but some are CLATHRIN INDEPENDENT.
    - Plasma membrane invaginates, forming a
    pocket around the target particle and
    pinches off, resulting in the particle being
    contained in a newly created intracellular
    vesicle formed from the plasma membrane.
    Phagocytosis
    - condition of “cell eating”

    - a portion of plasma membrane


    becomes coated with clathrin and
    extends to surround the particle,
    closing it. The clathrin disengages and
    the vesicle merges with a lysosome to
    breakdown the material. The endosome
    merges with the membrane and
    releases its content.
    Pinocytosis
    - “cell drinking”
    - takes in molecules, including water
    needed by the cell
    - vesicle does not merge with lysosome
    Potocytosis
    - uses caveolin (coating protein)
    - bring small molecules into the cell and
    transport for release (process called
    transcytosis)
    Receptor-mediated
    Endocytosis
    - employs receptor proteins in the plasma
    membrane that have a specific binding
    affinity for certain substances
    - clathrin is attached to the cytoplasmic
    site of plasma membrane.
    - other substances may gain entry at the
    same site
    EXOCYTOSIS

    - expel material from the cell

    - waste material enveloped in a


    membrane fuses with the interior
    of plasma membrane. This fusion
    opens the membranous envelope
    on the exterior of the cell and
    waste material is expelled.

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