IKI20210

Pengantar Organisasi Komputer

Kuliah no. 1: Pendahuluan
Sumber:
1. Hamacher. Computer Organization, ed-5.
2. Materi kuliah CS61C/2000 & CS152/1997, UCB.

14 Februari 2003
Bobby Nazief ([email protected])
Qonita Shahab ([email protected])

bahan kuliah: http://www.cs.ui.ac.id/kuliah/iki20210/

1
IKI20210

° Pengantar Organisasi Komputer

• “Mata kuliah ini mengajarkan dasar-dasar organisasi komputer
sekuensial, yang terdiri dari komponen-komponen: input,
output, memori, dan prosesor (kontrol dan datapath), melalui
pemrograman dengan bahasa assembly.”

° Prasyarat:
• Pengantar Sistem Digital
• Konsep Pemrograman I

° Bobot:
• 3 SKS

° Buku Acuan:
• V. Carl Hamacher, dkk. Computer Organization. Edisi ke-5.
McGraw-Hill, 2002.
• David Patterson & John Hennessy. Computer Organization &
Design: The Hardware/Software Interface. Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers, Inc.
2
Administrasi Perkuliahan

° Penilaian:
• Tugas: 30% (5 tugas pemrograman + PR)
• UTS: 30%
• UAS: 40%

° Jadwal Kuliah:
• Rabu: 8:00 – 9:40 WIB
• Jumat: 8:00 – 8:50 WIB

° Jadwal Ujian:
• UTS: 16 April 2003
• UAS: 9 - 20 Juni 2003

3
Organisasi Sistem Komputer

4
Organisasi Sistem Komputer

Application (Netscape)
Operating
Compiler System 20210
Software Assembler (Windows 98)
Instruction Set
Hardware Processor Memory I/O system Architecture

Datapath & Control

Digital Design
Circuit Design
transistors

° Koordinasi dari berbagai tingkat abstraksi

5
Tingkat-tingkat Abstraksi Organisasi Komputer

° Application S/W
• MS Word  computer as electronic type-writer
• MS Excel  computer as electronic calculator

° System S/W
• Compilers  computer as translator (source to executable
program)
• Operating Systems  computer as machine that executes
programs, stores files, prints content of files to printers,
communicate with other computers

° Instruction Set
• What basic operations can be carried out
• What, where, and how data can be stored & retrieved in/from
memory
• How can data be exchanged to the outside “world”

° Computer H/W
• The 5 components: Datapath, Control, Memory, Input, Output
6
 Tingkat-tingkat Bahasa Pemrograman

A = 25;
High Level Language
Program (e.g., C) B = 8;
Compiler 20210 C = A * B;

Assembly Language lds r1, 0x100

Program (e.g.,AVR) lds r2, 0x102
add r1, r2
Assembler sts 0x104, r1

Machine Language 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000
Program (AVR)
1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110
1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001
Machine Interpretation 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111

Control Signal
Specification
°
°
7
Organisasi Bahasa Pemrograman Java

Java Language

byte code

Java Virtual Machine

JVM dapat langsung
berhubungan dgn h/w

Operating System

Computer H/W

8
5 Komponen Utama Komputer

Computer Keyboard,
Processor Memory Devices
Mouse
(active) (passive)
Input Disk
Control
(“brain”) (where (where
programs, programs,
data data
Datapath live when live when
(“brawn”) Output
running) not running)
Display,
Printer

9
Contoh-contoh (Organisasi) Komputer

10
Contoh: Komputer Berbasis Pentium

Processor/Memory
Bus

PCI Bus

I/O Busses
11
 Contoh: Komputer Berbasis SPARCstation20

° TI SuperSPARCtm TMS390Z50 in Sun SPARCstation20

MBus Module
SuperSPARC
Floating-point Unit
L2 CC DRAM
Integer Unit $ MBus Controller

Inst Ref Data L64852 MBus control

M-S Adapter STDIO
Cache MMU Cache
SBus serial
Store SCSI kbd
SBus mouse
Buffer DMA Ethernet audio
RTC
Bus Interface SBus Boot PROM
Cards Floppy

12
Contoh: Microcontroller AT90S8515

13
Struktur (Umum) Interkoneksi Antar-Komponen

Proc

Caches
Processor-Memory Bus
adapters
I/O Bus
Memory

Controllers

Disks
I/O Devices:
Displays Networks
Keyboards

Semua komponen memiliki organisasi & antar-muka

14
Outline Materi Kuliah

° Konsep-konsep Dasar
• Stored Program Computer
• Instruction Set

° Set Instruksi/Pemrograman
° Input/Output
° Memori
° Aritmatika
° Prosesor
• Datapath
• Control Unit

° Pipeline

15
 Generasi Komputer
° I: ’46 – ’57: UNIVAC 1103
• Bahasa Rakitan
• Vacuum Tube
• 40.000 instruksi/detik
° II: ’58 – ’64: IBM 7094
• Bahasa Tingkat Tinggi (Fortran, Cobol), Kompilator
• Transistor
• I/O & Processor Parallelism
• 200.000 instruksi/detik
° III: ’65 – ’71: IBM System/360, DEC PDP-8
• Sistem Operasi
• Small- & Medium-scale Integrated Circuit (IC)
• Cache & Virtual Memory, Microprogramming, Pipelining, Parallelism
• 1.000.000 instruksi/detik
° IV: ’72 – ’77: Apple IIe, IBM PC
• Large Scale Integrated Circuit (LSI)
• Microprocessor, PC
• 10.000.000 instruksi/detik
° IV: ’78 – …: 80286 – Pentium IV, MIPS, Sparc, PowerPC
• Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit (VLSI)
• 100.000.000 instruksi/detik 16
Tren Teknologi

17
 Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Mikroprosesor

100000000

10000000 Alpha 21264: 15 million

Moore’s Law Pentium Pentium Pro: 5.5 million
i80486
PowerPC 620: 6.9 million
1000000
Alpha 21164: 9.3 million
Transistors

i80386 Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million

i80286
100000

i8086
2X transistors/Chip
10000 Every 1.5 years
i8080

i4004

1000 Called
“Moore’s Law”
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Year

18
Tren Teknologi: Kinerja Prosesor

900 DEC Alpha 21264/600

800 1.54X/yr
700
600
500
400 DEC Alpha 5/500
300
DEC DEC Alpha 5/300
200 Sun MIPSMIPSIBM
HP
AXP/
9000/ DEC Alpha 4/266
100 -4/ M M/ RS/ 500
750 IBM POWER 100
0 260 2000 120 6000

87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
Processor performance increase/year, mistakenly
referred to as Moore’s Law (transistors/chip)
19
Tren Teknologi: Kapasitas Memori (1 Chip DRAM)

year size(Megabit)
1980 0.0625
size 1983 0.25
1000000000 1986 1
100000000
1989 4
10000000
1992 16
1996 64
Bits

1000000

2000 256
100000

10000
Now 1.4X/yr, or
1000
doubling every 2 years
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

Year 4000X since 1980

20
 Teknologi Komputer  Perubahan Dramatis
° Prosessor
• 2X lebih cepat setiap 1,5 tahun
• 100X lebih cepat dalam dekade terakhir

° Memori
• Kapasitas DRAM: 2x / 2 years
• Kecepatan Memori: meningkat 10% per tahun
• Biaya per bit: membaik 25% per tahun
• Kapasitas meningkat 64X dalam dekade terakhir
° Disk
• Kapasitas disk: > 2X setiap 1,0 tahun
• Biaya per bit: membaik 100% per tahun
• Kapasitas meningkat 120X dalam dekade terakhir

21
Bicycle Computer (Embedded)

° P. Brain
• wireless
heart
Heart Speed monitor strap
Rate Altitude • record 5 measures: speed, time,
current distance, elevation and heart
rate
• Every 10 to 60 sec.
• 8KB data  33 hours
• Stores information so can be
uploaded through a serial port into
PC to be analyzed

Dramatic change !!!

22