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• In the United Kingdom Christmas decorations are put up in shops and
town centres from early November. Many towns and cities have a
public event involving a local or regional celebrity to mark the
switching on of Christmas lights. Decorations in people's homes are
commonly put up from early December, traditionally including a
Christmas tree, cards, and lights both inside and outside the home.
• Every year, Norway donates a giant Christmas tree for the British to
raise in Trafalgar Square as a thank you for helping during the
Second World War. Christmas carolers at Trafalgar Square in London
sing around the tree on various evenings up until Christmas Eve and
Christmas decorations are traditionally left up until the evening of
January 5 (the night before Epiphany); it is considered bad luck to have
Christmas decorations up after this date. In practice, many Christmas
traditions, such as the playing of Christmas music, largely stop after
Christmas Day.
• Mince Pies are traditionally sold during the festive season and are a popular food for Christmas. It
is common in many UK households for children and adults to put up advent calendars in their
homes, which may either contain chocolates or Christmas scenes behind their doors.
• A common feature of the Christmas season is the Nativity play which is practiced in most primary
and some secondary schools across the UK. This practice is becoming less common, and Christmas
pantomimes may be performed instead.Midnight Mass is also celebrated by Anglicans, Catholics,
and other denominations, and services take place in nearly all Church of England parishes on
Christmas Eve.
• On Christmas Eve, presents are supposedly delivered in stockings [119] and under the Christmas
tree by Father Christmas, who previously had been something like
The Ghost of Christmas Present in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol (1843), but who has now
become mainly conflated with Santa Claus. The two names are now used interchangeably and are
equally known to British people, though some distinctive features still remain. Many families tell
their children stories about Father Christmas and his reindeer. One tradition is to put out a plate
of carrots for the reindeer, and mince pies and sherry for Father Christmas to help him on his
way.
• Christmas in Scotland was traditionally observed very quietly, because the Church of Scotland – a
Presbyterian Church – for various reasons never placed much emphasis on the Christmas festival;
although in Catholic areas people would attend Midnight Mass or early morning Mass before going
to work.[135] This tradition derives from the Church of Scotland's origins including St Columba's
monastic tradition, under which every day is God's day and there is none more special than
another. (Thus Good Friday is not an official public holiday in Scotland.); [136][137] the Kirk and the
state being closely linked in Scotland during the Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern period.
Christmas Day was commonly a normal working day in Scotland until the 1960s, and even into the
1970s in some areas.[138] The New Year's Eve festivity, Hogmanay, was by far the largest
celebration in Scotland. The giftgiving, public holidays and feasting associated with midwinter
were traditionally held between December 11 and January 6. However, since the 1980s, the fading
of the Church's influence and the increased influences from the rest of the UK and elsewhere,
Christmas and its related festivities are now nearly on a par with Hogmanay and "Ne'erday". The
capital city of Edinburgh now has a traditional German Christmas market from late November
until Christmas Eve and on the first Sunday in Advent a nativity scene is blessed by the Cardinal
Archbishop in the main square. [139] On Christmas Day, people sometimes make big bonfires and
dance around them to the playing of bagpipes. Bannock cakes made of oatmeal are traditionally
eaten at Christmas.
Christmas traditions in U.S.A
• Christmas is a widely celebrated festive holiday in the United States, [55] and Christmas Day is
officially recognized as a federal holiday by the US Government. The
Christmas and holiday season begins around the end of November with a major shopping
kickoff on Black Friday, the day after the U.S. holiday of Thanksgiving, though Christmas
decorations and music playing in stores sometimes extend into the period between
Halloween and Thanksgiving.
• Many schools and businesses are closed during the period between Christmas and the
New Year's Day holiday, which is a time commonly used to spend time with family and close
friends, return unwanted gifts at stores, and shop afterChristmas sales. Most decorations
are taken down by New Years or Epiphany. Other observances considered part of the season
(and potentially included in nondenominational holiday greetings like "Happy Holidays")
include Hanukkah, Yule, Epiphany, Kwanzaa, and winter solstice celebrations.
• Christmas Eve is popularly described as "the night before Christmas" in the poem actually titled "
A Visit from St. Nicholas". Better known as Santa Claus, he is said to visit homes while children are
sleeping during the night before Christmas morning. The fireplaces in many homes have been replaced
by electric fireplaces , but the yule log has remained a tradition. Christmas stockings are hung on the
mantelpiece for Santa Claus to fill with little gifts ("stocking stuffers"). It is tradition throughout the
United States for children to leave a glass of milk and plate of Christmas cookies for Santa Claus nearby.
[56]
• Presents the family will exchange are wrapped and placed near the tree, including presents to be given
to pets.[57] Friends exchange wrapped presents and tell each other not to open presents before Christmas.
Grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins, siblings and occasionally guests from out of town are
entertained in the home or else visited.
• Wrapped presents are most commonly opened on the morning of Christmas Day; however, some families
choose to open all or some of their presents on Christmas Eve, depending on evolving family traditions,
logistics, and the age of the children involved; for example, adults might open their presents on
Christmas Eve and minor children on Christmas morning, or everyone might open their gifts on
Christmas morning. Others follow the tradition of opening familyexchanged gifts on Christmas Eve
night, followed by opening of the presents Santa brought on Christmas morning. Children are normally
allowed to play with their new toys and games afterwards
Christmas Traditions in Romania
• Christmas (Romanian: Crăciun) in Romania is on December 25 and is generally considered the
second most important religious Romanian holiday after Easter. In Moldova, although Christmas
is celebrated on December 25 like in Romania, January 7 is also recognized as an official holiday.
Celebrations begin with the decoration of the Christmas tree during daytime on December 24,
and in the evening (Christmas Eve, in Romanian: Ajunul Crăciunului) Moş Crăciun (Father
Christmas) delivers the presents.
• The singing of carols is a very important part of Romanian Christmas festivities. On the first day
of Christmas, many carolers walk through the streets of the towns and villages, holding a star
made of cardboard and paper on which are depicted various scenes from the Bible. Romanian
tradition has the smallest children going from house to house, singing carols and reciting poems
and legends during the whole Christmas season. The leader of the group carries with him a star
made of wood, covered with metal foil and decorated with bells and coloured ribbons. An image of
the Nativity is painted on the star's centre, and this piece of handiwork is attached to the end of
a broom or other long stick.
• Romanian food served during the holidays is a hearty multicoursed meal, most of which consists
of pork (organs, muscle, and fat). This is mainly a symbolic gesture for St. Ignatius of Antioch.
Writers :
• Ichim Cosmin Daniel (Coord.,50%)
• Daniel Grosu (25%)
• Martinescu Cosmin (25%)