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    TM4112 - 13 Interpreting Dynamic Model

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    Ray Yuda
    This document provides an overview of interpreting dynamic model results from reservoir simulation. It discusses reviewing simulator output such as production statistics, numerical performance statistics, and initialization results. It also covers potential sources of error in simulation results and the importance of post-processing tools to analyze space-time dependent data like pressure and saturation maps. The key steps are to review warnings, input data, numerical performance, production statistics, and references to ensure valid simulation results.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    TM4112 - 13 Interpreting Dynamic Model

    Uploaded by

    Ray Yuda
    81 views39 pages
    This document provides an overview of interpreting dynamic model results from reservoir simulation. It discusses reviewing simulator output such as production statistics, numerical performance statistics, and initialization results. It also covers potential sources of error in simulation results and the importance of post-processing tools to analyze space-time dependent data like pressure and saturation maps. The key steps are to review warnings, input data, numerical performance, production statistics, and references to ensure valid simulation results.

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    Interpreting Dynamic Model

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    This document provides an overview of interpreting dynamic model results from reservoir simulation. It discusses reviewing simulator output such as production statistics, numerical performance statistics, and initialization results. It also covers potential sources of error in simulation results and the importance of post-processing tools to analyze space-time dependent data like pressure and saturation maps. The key steps are to review warnings, input data, numerical performance, production statistics, and references to ensure valid simulation results.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    81 views39 pages

    TM4112 - 13 Interpreting Dynamic Model

    Uploaded by

    Ray Yuda
    This document provides an overview of interpreting dynamic model results from reservoir simulation. It discusses reviewing simulator output such as production statistics, numerical performance statistics, and initialization results. It also covers potential sources of error in simulation results and the importance of post-processing tools to analyze space-time dependent data like pressure and saturation maps. The key steps are to review warnings, input data, numerical performance, production statistics, and references to ensure valid simulation results.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 39

    Geophysics

    Data
    analysis
    Depth
    conversion
    Simulation

    Well
    correlation

    Well
    design Facies
    modelling
    Property modelling
    And Upscaling

    INTERPRETING DYNAMIC MODEL


    RESULTS
    TM4112 Karakterisasi & Pemodelan Reservoir
    Overview
     Simulator output
     Post-processing
     Numerical performance statistics
     Sources of error in computed results
     Reviewing simulation output to ensure valid results
    Sources of Error in Computed
    Results
     Model is usually only approximate
     Truncation error
     Instability
     Roundoff error
     Inaccurate reservoir description
    Model is Usually Only Approximate
     Modeling only the hydrocarbon phases when
    connate water is present
     Black oil model is based on an approximation to
    actual fluid property behavior
     Three phase relative permeability used in the
    simulator is usually calculated from two-phase
    permeabilities
    Truncation Error
     Truncation error arises from replacement of
    differential equations by difference equations
     Numerical dispersion
     Grid sensitivity studies
     Timestep sensitivity studies
    Instability
     Slight errors arising in explicit, Crank-Nicholson, or
    IMPES formulations during one time step may grow
    exponentially during subsequent time steps, making
    the results meaningless
     Fully implicit models sacrifice some degree of
    accuracy in order to obtain stability
    Roundoff Error
     Usually not a problem
    Inaccurate Reservoir Description
     History matching - modify reservoir description so
    that model performance agrees with observed field
    performance
     Parameter sensitivity studies
    Simulator Output
     Echo input data
     Model equilibration
     Production statistics
     Numerical performance statistics
    Echo Input Data
     Most simulators will optionally print out the input
    data used for a run
     Simulation control information
     Reservoir data

     Fluid data

     Multiphase data
    Model Equilibration
     Most models will calculate the equilibrium pressure
    and saturation distribution, based on the datum
    elevation and pressure, the positions of the fluid
    contacts, and the capillary pressure tables input to
    the model
     Pressure distribution
     Saturation distribution
    Production Statistics
     Fieldwide
     Production
    and injection by phase
     Average pressure
    Production Statistics
     Regional
     Production and injection by phase
     Average pressure

     Regional migration by phase

     Material balance - cumulative net withdrawal from


    each region
     Directional - net flow into/out of a region from each of
    the other regions
    Production Statistics
     Individual well
     Production and injection by phase
     Surface, bottomhole, and gridblock pressures

     For wells completed in multiple grid blocks, production


    and injection by phase for each completion
    Numerical Performance Statistics
     Material balance error
     Outer iterations
     Inner iterations
     Cutbacks
     Maximum pressure and saturation changes
    Material Balance Error
     Material balance error is a measure of how well the
    simulator is keeping track of total amount of each
    phase
     Low material balance error is necessary, but not
    sufficient
     Incremental material balance error
     Cumulative material balance error
     Material balance error will depend on the model
    formulation and the solution method
    Outer Iterations
     Used to monitor the performance of implicit
    formulations.
     Number of times the linear system of equations has
    to be solved to complete a time step
     Greatly affected by difficulty of the problem
     An excessive number of "outer" iterations may
    indicate stability problems.
    Inner Iterations
     Used to monitor performance of iterative matrix
    solution methods
     Number of passes required to converge to solution
    of equations.
     Excessive inner iterations may indicate need for
    direct matrix solution method
     Whether the number of "inner" iterations is high or
    low depends on the iterative solution method
     ”Inner" iterations are highly dependent on the
    difficulty of the problem
    Cutbacks
     We can set controls on maximum allowed pressure
    or saturation change during a time step, or
    maximum number of solver iterations.
     If the pressure or saturation change within any
    gridblock exceeds the maximum allowed, the
    simulator will cut the time step size and repeat the
    time step.
     Same happens if the maximum number of linear or
    non-linear iterations is reached.
    Maximum Pressure and Saturation
    Changes During a Time Step
    Post-Processing
     Definition
     Purpose
     Helps engineer comprehend massive amount of data
     Prepare presentations of work for others interested in
    results
    Graphs and Tables of Time-
    Dependent Data
     Results
     Fieldwide

     Regional

     Individualwell
     Well connection

     Numerical performance statistics


    Graphs of Time-Dependent Data
     Production data
     Production rate vs. time
     Cartesian

     Semilog

     Production rate versus cumulative production


     Cartesian

     Log-log
    Graphs of Time-Dependent Data
     Pressure data - single well models
     Horner plots
     Log-log plots of Dp vs Dt

     Residual plots

     Difference between field observations and


    simulation results
     Difference between different sets of simulation runs
    Cartesian Graph of Pressure vs
    Time
    Semilog Graph of Pressure Vs Time
    Maps of Space- and
    Time-Dependent Data
     Presentation
     2D maps
     3D maps

     Fence diagrams

     Data
     Pressure

     Saturation
    2D Map Presentations
     Colorfill maps - entire grid block is colored based
    on the value calculated for the gridblock
     Contour maps - contours are drawn based on
    triangulation/interpolation between values at
    gridblock centers
     X-Y layers - show what is happening in a single
    layer
     X-Z or Y-Z cross sections - show what is happening
    along a cross section
    3D Map Presentations
     Display options
     Orientation

     Different scale factors for z-axis and for x- and y-axes


     Different scale factors for elevation and for gross
    thickness
     Hiding all grid blocks with value higher/lower than
    specified threshold ("onion")
     Elevation as z-axis
     One dependent variable as colorfill or contour,
    another dependent variable as z-axis
    Data
     Pressure
     Pressure at datum or fluid potential
     Infer direction of fluid movement
     Saturation of each phase
     Position of flood front
     Residual maps
     Difference between field observations and simulation
    results
     Difference between different sets of simulation runs
    Reviewing Simulation Output to
    Ensure Valid Results
     We recommend using the following procedure to
    systematically review simulation output to ensure
    that results are valid.
     The full review will normally be required following
    major changes in the model. Some items should
    routinely be reviewed
    Review Warning Messages
     Review output for warning or error messages
    printed out by the simulator
     Fluidproperty, relative permeability, and capillary
    pressure table trend checking
     Grid blocks with zero permeability or porosity

     Wells located in inactive grid blocks

     Other simulator specific warning/error messages


    Review Input Data Printout
     Review output to ensure that the simulator is
    correctly reading the input data.
     Rock properties
     Fluid properties

     Multiphase properties
    Review Initialization
     Review reservoir initialization/equilibration as
    calculated by the model
     Compare original fluids in place in the model to values
    estimated using volumetrics
     Pressure

     Saturation

     Position of gas-oil, oil-water, gas-water contacts


    Review Numerical Performance
    Statistics
     Material balance error
     Outer iterations
     Inner iterations
     Cutbacks
     Maximum pressure and saturation changes
     Is the model oscillating?
    Review Production Statistics
     Ensure that wells are being operated in the desired
    manner
     Check
     That each well is in the desired location
     That correct algebraic sign is used for production and
    injection
     For wells changing from constant rate to constant
    pressure
    Review Production Statistics
     Check
     For wells which have been shut in due to excessive gas
    or water production, GOR or WOR
     Total production from multiply completed wells

     For wells drilled or completed by an automatic well


    management scheme
    References
     Mattax, C. C., and Dalton, R. L.: Reservoir
    Simulation, SPE Monograph Series No. 13, 1990.
     Aziz, K., and Settari, A.: Petroleum Reservoir
    Simulation, Applied Science, 1979.
     Odeh, A. S.: "Reservoir Simulation...What is it?" JPT
    (Nov. 1969) 1383-1388.
     Coats, K. H.: "Use and Misuse of Reservoir
    Simulation Models," JPT (Nov. 1969) 1391-1398.
    References
     Coats, K. H.: "Reservoir Simulation: State of the Art,"
    JPT, (Aug. 1982) 1633-1642.
     Satter, A., Frizzell, D. F., and Varnon, J. E.: "The Role
    of Mini-Simulation in Reservoir Management,"
    paper presented at the Indonesian Petroleum
    Association Nineteenth Annual Convention, Oct.
    1991
     Kyte, J. R., and Berry, D. W.: "New Pseudo Functions
    to Control Numerical Dispersion,“ SPEJ (Aug. 1975)
    269-76.

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