UNIT I INTRODUCTION

• Approaches to intelligent control and

Architecture for intelligent control
• Symbolic reasoning system
• Rule-based systems
• Knowledge representation
• Expert systems.

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 Approaches to intelligent control and
Architecture for intelligent control

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 Intelligent control
 Intelligent control is a class of control techniques that use various artificial
intelligence computing approaches like neural networks, Bayesian
probability, fuzzy logic, machine learning, evolutionary
computation and genetic algorithms.

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 Intelligent control
• An intelligent system can be characterized along a
number of dimensions.
• There are degrees or levels of intelligence that
can be measured along the various dimensions of
intelligence.
• At a minimum, intelligence requires the ability to
sense the environment, to make decisions and to
control action.
• Higher levels of intelligence may include the
ability to recognize objects and events, to
represent knowledge in a world model, and to
reason about and plan for the future.
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 Intelligent control architecture

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 Reasoning system

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Reasoning System

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Logical Reasoning

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Reasoning and Knowledge Representation

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Types of Reasoning

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Symbolic Reasoning

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Default Reasoning

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Circumstance Reasoning

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Truth Maintenance System(TMS)

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Rule Based System

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 Rule Based System
 Standard way to represent knowledge within expert system is
through the use of rule or rule based system.
Need for Rule based Knowledge System:
 The majority of existing expert system development employ
rule based system.
 Less expensive for implementation.
 Widespread availability of rule based expert system.
 Rule bases can be relatively modified. In particular addition,
deletion, and revision to the rule base are relatively straight
forward process.
 Validation and verification is simple.

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 Rule based system components

• A collection of rules
• A collection of facts
• An inference engine
We might want to:
 what new facts can be derived
 whether a fact is implied by the knowledge
base and already known facts

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Rule based system architecture

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• In a rule-based expert system, the domain knowledge is represented by a set
of IF-THEN rules and data is represented by a set of facts about the current
situation.
• The inference engine compares each rule stored in the knowledge base with
facts contained in the database.
• When the IF (condition) part of the rule matches a fact, the rule is fired and
its THEN (action) part is executed.
• The fired rule may change the set of facts by adding a new fact, as shown in
Figure.
• Letters in the database and the knowledge base are used to represent
situations or concepts.

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• The matching of the rule IF parts to the facts
produces inference chains.
• The inference chain indicates how an expert
system applies the rules to reach a conclusion.
• To illustrate chaining inference techniques,
consider a simple example.

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• Suppose the database initially includes facts A, B, C, D
and E, and the knowledge base contains only three
rules:
• Rule 1: IF Y is true
AND D is true
THEN Z is true
• Rule 2: IF X is true
AND B is true
AND E is true
THEN Y is true
• Rule 3: IF A is true
THEN X is true
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• The inference chain shown in Figure indicates how the
expert system applies the rules to infer fact Z.
• First Rule 3 is fired to deduce new fact X from given fact
A.
• Then Rule 2 is executed to infer fact Y from initially
known facts B and E, and already known fact X.
• And finally, Rule 1 applies initially known fact D and just-
obtained fact Y to arrive at conclusion Z.
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• The inference engine must decide when the
rules have to be fired.
• There are two principal ways in which rules are
executed.
• One is called forward chaining and the other
backward chaining.

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 Forward chaining
• Let us write our rules in the following form:

• Forward chaining is the data-driven reasoning.

• The reasoning starts from the known data and proceeds forward
with that data.
• Each time only the topmost rule is executed. When fired, the rule
adds a new fact in the database.
• Any rule can be executed only once.
• The match-fire cycle stops when no further rules can be fired. 33
• Figure shows how forward chaining works for this simple set of
rules.

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 Backward chaining
• Backward chaining is the goal-driven reasoning.
• In backward chaining, an expert system has the goal (a hypothetical
solution) and the inference engine attempts to find the evidence to
prove it.
• First, the knowledge base is searched to find rules that might have the
desired solution.
• Such rules must have the goal in their THEN (action) parts. If such a
rule is found and its IF (condition) part matches data in the database,
then the rule is fired and the goal is proved.
• However, this is rarely the case. Thus the inference engine puts aside
the rule it is working with (the rule is said to stack) and sets up a new
goal, a sub-goal, to prove the IF part of this rule.
• Then the knowledge base is searched again for rules that can prove
the sub-goal.
• The inference engine repeats the process of stacking the rules until no
rules are found in the knowledge base to prove the current sub-goal.
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Knowledge Representation

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Why do we need Knowledge Representation?

•Unlike human mind, computers cannot acquire and

represent knowledge by themselves.
•It is complicated to machine process a knowledge
represented in natural language.
Human knowledge is of different types.
• Knowledge manipulation involves:
Knowledge acquisition: gathering, structuring and organizing
knowledge.
Knowledge storing: putting the knowledge into computer.
Knowledge retrieval: getting the knowledge when needed. ◦
Reasoning: gives conclusion, inference or explanation.
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 Why do we Need for knowledge Representation

 The main objective of knowledge representation is to express

knowledge in computer implementable form, such that it is used
to help intelligent system to enhance its performance.

 For problem solving we need represent knowledge.

 Knowledge representation (KR) is the study of

– how knowledge and facts about the world can be represented,

and

– what kinds of reasoning can be done with that knowledge.

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Knowledge Representation

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Example of Knowledge representation

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Knowledge Model

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Knowledge Category

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Knowledge Topology

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Knowledge Concept Diagram

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Knowledge Topology Map

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Knowledge Type

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 Expert System

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What is an Expert System?

1. An expert system is a computer software that

acts like a human expert on a particular subject
area.

2. Expert systems are often used to advise

non-experts in situations where a human expert is
unavailable. (for example it may be too expensive
to employ a human expert, or it might be a difficult
to reach location).

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 Some important Features

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 Characteristics
• High performance
• Expertise
• Adequate response time
• Good reliability
• Self-knowledge
• Understandable
• Justification
• Flexibility
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Expert System Architecture

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• Knowledge base: The knowledge of a human expert on a particular
subject is contained in codified form within the knowledge base.
Normally, one can easily read and understand the coding. Even though
knowledge base are developed by experts, the information contained
within them can be easily understood by anyone who knows the subject
matter.

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 User Interface: It allows the system user to enter the
rules and facts about a particular situation and ask
questions of the system, provides responses to user
requests and supports all other communication between
the system and the user.

Working storage:

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Inference Engine:
• The inference engine is one of the most important
components of an expert system.
• The domain knowledge of Knowledge base is used
by the inference engine to draw conclusions.
• The inference engine processes a massive amount
of data in consistent way and it comes out with a
conclusion.
• It works as a brain in an expert system.
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Roles of Individual who interact with the system

• Domain expert: The individuals who currently are experts in

solving a problem.
• Knowledge engineer: The process of building an expert
system is called Knowledge Engineering and is done by a
knowledge engineer. The knowledge engineer is a human
with a background in computer science and AI and he knows
how to build expert systems.
• User: The individual who will be consulting with the system
to get advice, which would have been provided by the
expert.
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TYPES OF PROBLEMS THAT CAN BE SOLVED
ESs can be differentiated by the action they perform or a type of
problem they help resolve:
Classification & Diagnosis: identify an object based on stated
characteristics
Examples: medical disease diagnosis, insurance application fraud
detection
Monitoring: continuously comparing data with prescribed behavior
Examples: leakage monitoring in long petroleum pipeline, founding
out faults in vehicles
Prediction: showing the optimal plan
Examples: prediction of share market status, contract estimation
Design: configuring a system according to specifications
Examples: airline scheduling, cargo scheduling

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