A&P Chapter 1

Human Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1
The Human Body:
An Orientation
What is Anatomy and
Physiology?
1. Anyone know the difference between
the two?
2. Anyone know the etymology of the
words – i.e., the history of the words?
3. Anyone know Ancient Greek or Latin?
What is Anatomy and
Anatomy Physiology?
study of body structures and how
they are spatially related to one another
CONCRETE
ana= apart
tomy= to cut
What is Anatomy and
Physiology?
Physiology:
nature of knowledge (of the body)
study of how body structures function
explained via underlying anatomy
What is Anatomy and
Physiology?
Anatomy: car engine: parts
Physiology: parts interact to make car run
Macroscopic vs. Microscopic
1. What do those words mean?
2. What are examples of
Macroscopic
Anatomy?
3. What are example of Microscopic
Anatomy?
Gross anatomy (macroscopic).
study of large structures visible to naked eye
Regional anatomy:
all structures in given region studied at once
Systemic anatomy:
structure of a given system (cardiovascular)
Surface anatomy:
study of internal structures related to overlying
skin
clinicians: blood draws & pulse-taking
Microscopic anatomy
study of structures too small to see with naked eye
specimens magnified
Cytology – cells
Histology – tissues
Who Remembers Levels of
Structural Organization?
Someone wants to come to the

board and write them?
Levels of Structural
Organization
Chemical
/Molecular
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organismal
What is Homeostasis?
Homeostasis
Ability to maintain a
stable internal environment
regardless of external environment
Dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms:
Receptor (Sensor):
monitors environment & responds to stimuli
Control center (Mediator):
Determines set point at which variable is maintained
& determines response.
Receives input from receptor via afferent pathway
Effector:
provides response (output) of control center via
efferent pathway
FEEDBACK: negative or positive
Negative feedback
mechanism
most common
Maintains physiological functions
net effect: output shuts off or reduces intensity

of original stimulus.
Opposite directional change:
Returns to ideal value
Examples of Negative Feedbacks from Everyday Life?

• Example of negative feedback:
• blood glucose
Positive feedback
response enhances original stimulus:
activity is accelerated
Same directional change: increases stimulus
Cascade Effect: amplifying
Examples:
Cardiovascular & Reproductive system
controls infrequent events
• positive feedback:
• output enhances
• original stimulus
• Example:
• Regulation of blood
clotting
Homeostatic
imbalances
May Result From:
Disease
Age
Pathology
Which of the following is an
example of a negative feedback
mechanism?
a. During labor, as uterine contractions begin, levels
of the hormone, oxytocin, continuously rise to
further stimulate more contractions.
b. The thyroid gland releases thyroid hormone
under the influence of the hormone, TSH. TSH
release decreases when thyroid hormone levels reach
their set point.
c. An individual who is incapable of synthesizing
thyroid hormone will often develop an enlarged
thyroid gland due to continuous TSH stimulation.
TO REVIEW IN LAB
Language of Anatomy
Anatomical position
body erect, feet together, palms

forward, thumbs out
Right and left refer to side of

specimen or cadaver being
examined
Directional terms:
Superior/rostral/cranial: toward head/upper
Inferior /caudal: away from head/lower part

Directional terms:
Anterior (ventral): front
Posterior (dorsal): back

Directional terms:
Medial: toward midline, on inner side
Lateral: away from midline, on outside
Intermediate
Directional terms:
Proximal: closer to attachment at trunk
Distal: away from attachment at trunk

Directional terms:
Superficial: at surface/external
Deep: more internal

Regional Terms: Anterior
Axial
View
head, neck, trunk
Appendicular
Appendages, limbs
Specific regional
terminology
Figure 1.7a
Regional Terms: Posterior
View
Figure 1.7b
Body planes:
Sagittal plane “ arrow”
parasagittal (offset from midline)
midsagittal (median): divides right from left

Body planes:
Coronal (Frontal) plane
divides anterior and posterior

Body planes:
Transverse (Horizontal) plane
cross section—divides superior from inferior
Oblique: diagonal: infrequent

Planes vs Sections Cross/
Transverse
Section
Longitudinal
Section
Dorsal Body cavity:
Cranial cavity –houses brain
Spinal cavity –encloses spinal cord

Ventral Body Cavities:
Large anterior cavities: house visceral organs.
Viscus=organ in a body cavity
Thoracic cavity:surrounded by ribs & chest muscles

Pleural cavities –lateral: house the lungs
Mediastinum—medial: contains … Pericardial cavity –
contains heart
other thoracic organs: esophagus, trachea, etc
Ventral Body Cavities:
Abdominopelvic cavity: separated from
thoracic cavity by diaphragm
Abdominal cavity –superior portion: vulnerable

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and others
Pelvic cavity –inferior portion:
bladder, reproductive organs, rectum
Figure 1.9a
Figure 1.9b
Membranes of ventral body
cavity:
Serous membranes: thin double layered membranes
Parietal serosa—membrane portion lining cavity walls
Visceral serosa—membrane portion covering organs
Serous Fluid: lubricating fluid between membranes:

allows organs mobility
Other body cavities:
Oral and digestive—mouth, intestine,
stomach, ends at anus
Nasal cavities—nose and posterior space
Orbital cavities—house the eyes
Middle ear cavities—medial to eardrums
Synovial cavities—joint cavities
Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical
Epigastric
Hypogastric
Right and left iliac
or inguinal
Right and left
lumbar
Right and left
hypochondriac
Abdominopelvic regions
used by anatomists (tic-tac-toe)
Umbilical- center deep to umbilicus/navel
Epigastric- “above belly”, superior to center
Hypogastric- “below belly” inferior to center
Abdominopelvic regions
Inguinal (iliac; R & L)- lateral to hypogastric
iliac=superior part of hip bone
Lumbar (R & L)- lateral to umbilical region
Hypochondriac (R & L)- flanks epigastric
region

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Human Anatomy & Physiology

Someone wants to come to the

stable internal environment

regardless of external environment

Dynamic state of equilibrium

Maintains physiological functions

net effect: output shuts off or reduces intensity

Opposite directional change:

Returns to ideal value

Examples of Negative Feedbacks from Everyday Life?

body erect, feet together, palms

Right and left refer to side of

Inferior /caudal: away from head/lower part

Posterior (dorsal): back

Lateral: away from midline, on outside

Distal: away from attachment at trunk

Deep: more internal

parasagittal (offset from midline)

midsagittal (median): divides right from left

divides anterior and posterior

cross section—divides superior from inferior

Oblique: diagonal: infrequent

Spinal cavity –encloses spinal cord

Thoracic cavity:surrounded by ribs & chest muscles

Abdominal cavity –superior portion: vulnerable

Serous Fluid: lubricating fluid between membranes:

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