Schema Theory Wps Office

4 COGNITIVE STAGES ARE:
1. SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (Birth to two.)

- The first stage from birth to approximately age 2 is
when an infant's knowledge of the world is limited to
his or her sensory perceptions and motor activities.
▫Object permanence
2. PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (Two to seven)
-The PREOPERATIONAL stage occurs between
the ages two and seven.
¤ Egocentrism
3. CONCRETE OPERATIONS STAGE (seven to
eleven)
-The concrete operational stage begins
around age 7 and continues until
approximately age 11.
¤ Logic
¤ Classification
¤ Elimination of Egocentrism
¤ Reversibility
¤ Seriation
4. FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE
(Eleven and up)
-The formal operational stage begins at
approximately age twelve to and lasts
into adulthood.
¤ LOGIC
¤ ABSTRACT THOUGHT
¤ PROBLEM-SOLVING
SCHEMA THEORY
by: Richard Anderson
Schema
a mental codification of
experience that includes a
particular organized way of
perceiving cognitively and
responding to a complex situation
or set of stimuli.
What is Schema Theory?
• Schema Theory states that all

knowledge is organized into
units. Within these units of
knowledge, or schemata, is
stored information.
HOW IS SCHEMA
ACTIVATED
Types of Schema
• Social Schema is generated

by an event.
•Ideological schema is
generated by attitudes or
opinions on relevant social or
political issues.
Types of Schema
•Formal schema - is related to

the rhetorical structure of a
written text, such as
differences in genre or
between narrative styles and
their corresponding structures.
Types of Schema
• Linguistic schema - includes the
decoding features a person needs in
order to understand how words are
organized and fit together in a
sentence (be it spoken or written
discourse).
• Content schema - refers to knowledge
about the subject matter or content of
a text.
What is Schema Theory?
Explain why prior
knowledge is important
in the acquisition of new
knowledge.
References
• https://www.learning-
theories.org/doku.php?id=learning_theorie
s:schema_theory
• http://etec.ctlt.ubc.ca/510wiki/Schema_The
ory
• https://www.academia.edu/12133763/LEAR
NING_THEORIES_-
COGNITIVE_LEARNING_THEORIES_l_CHAPT
ER_5_CHAPTER_LEARNING_OUTCOMES
SOCIOCULTURAL
LEARNING THEORY
Vygotsky's Early Life
Lev Vygotsky was born November 17, 1896, in Orsha, a city in

the western region of the Russian Empire.
He attended Moscow State University, where he graduated
with a degree in law in 1917. He studied a range of topics
while attending university, including sociology, linguistics,
psychology, and philosophy. However, his formal work in
psychology did not begin until 1924 when he attended the
Institute of Psychology in Moscow.
He completed a dissertation in 1925 on the psychology of art
but was awarded his degree in absentia due to an acute
tuberculosis relapse that left him incapacitated for a year.
Following his illness, Vygotsky began researching topics such
as language, attention, and memory with the help of students
including Alexei Leontiev and Alexander Luria.
SOCIOCULTURAL LEARNING THEORY
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of

human learning describes learning as a social
process and the origination of human intelligence
in society or culture.
Vygotsky believed everything is learned on two
levels. First, through interaction with others, and
then integrated into the individual's mental
structure.
Vygotsky believed that parents, caregivers, peers,
and the culture at large were responsible for
developing higher order functions.
> The Sociocultural Learning Theory
is based upon the idea that a
learner's environment plays a pivotal
role in his/her learning development.
According to Vygotsky the learning
process actually involves three key
themes: culture, language, and the
“zone of proximal development”.
The 3 key Themes of
Sociocultural Learning
Theory
Culture
• Vygotsky suggested that cultures are actually
formed through the use of tools and symbols, and
that this key distinction is what differentiates the
human race from that of animals. Intelligence is
achieved when a learner can “internalize” the
tools that are being provided in the culture itself.
When the tools of a culture evolve and emerge,
the learners’ ability to grow as individuals and
increase their knowledge base is broadened. As
such, according to the Sociocultural Learning
Theory, it's important for instructors to
understand the human mind from a historical
point of view as well as a cultural one.
Language
• According to the Sociocultural Learning Theory, language
is a direct result of the symbols and tools that emerge
within a culture. An individual is able to learn language
through a variety of social events, scenarios and
processes, which all result in the acquisition of language.
This aspect of the Sociocultural Learning Theory relies
upon the idea that learners go through three stages of
speech development. First, they must engage in the social
environment, which is known as “social speech” and
begins at the age of 2. Next, they will learn about “private
speech”, which occurs when learners voice their thoughts
aloud, and begins at the age of 3. The last is “inner
speech”, which takes the form of ideas that remain within
our minds and directly impact our behavior or thoughts,
and begins at the age of 7.
Zone of Proximal Development
• This is the “gap” or distance that exists between a
learner's possible educational development, which is
determined through problem solving activities, and the
development that actually takes place. This is assessed
when learners are asked to engage in problem solving
tasks under the supervision of an instructor. Their
responses and capabilities are then compared to that of
their peers. This assessment is based upon a spectrum,
wherein what learners are capable of doing without any
assistance is at one end of the spectrum, and what they
can do while being assisted is at the other. In essence, the
zone allows instructors to learn what a student is not yet
capable of doing or has not yet learned, but can be taught
with the proper instruction.

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4 COGNITIVE STAGES ARE:

1. SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (Birth to two.)

• Schema Theory states that all

• Social Schema is generated

•Formal schema - is related to

Lev Vygotsky was born November 17, 1896, in Orsha, a city in

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of

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