Piping in Fluid Transport process

• The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

• The American Petroleum Institute (API).
• Established Standard Components of piping
systems.
• They are found in ANSI B31 code sections
• Specific requirements for pumping systems have
been included in the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration (OSHA)
• ANSI B31.3 code section.(pumping)
 Selection of Piping Materials
• (1) possible exposure to fire with respect to the loss in
strength or combustibility of the pipe and supports;
• (2) susceptibility of the pipe to brittle failure or thermal
shock failure when exposed to fire;
• (3) ability of thermal insulation to protect the pipe from
fire;
• (4) susceptibility of the pipe and joints to corrosion or
adverse electrolytic effect;
• (5) suitability of packing, seals, gaskets, and lubricants used
on joints and connections;
• (6) refrigeration effect during sudden loss of pressure with
volatile fluids; and
• (7) compatibility with the fluid handled.
Specific material precautions for piping
systems
 Schedule number
• American Standards Association (ASA)
• The schedule number is defined

• {schedule number= 1000 Ps/Ss}

• Where , Ps = the safe working pressure
• Ss= the safe working stress
• Working pressure Ps is defined as
2 S s tm
Ps 
Dm
• Where ,
• t is the minimum wall thickness in m,
• D, the mean diameter in m
• Ps and Ss in kPa.
• Pipe sizes are based on the approximate diameter
and are reported as nominal pipe sizes.
• Although the wall thickness varies depending on
the schedule number, the outside diameter of
any pipe having a given nominal size is constant
and independent of the schedule number
• Birmingham wire gauge (BWG), are used to
indicate the wall thickness
 Design of Piping Systems
• Various items need to be considered when developing the
design for a piping system.
• (1) the hazardous properties of the fluid,
• (2) the quantity of fluid that could be released by a piping
failure,
• (3) the effect of a failure on overall plant safety,
• (4) evaluation of the effects of a reaction of the fluid with
the environment,
• (5) the probable extent of human exposure to all aspects of
the piping failure, and
• (6) the inherent safety of the piping system by virtue of
materials of construction, methods of fabrication, and
history of service reliability.
• These safety considerations must also be
exercised in such design items as
• (1) selecting piping materials and pipe sizes,
• (2) checking effects of temperature level and
temperature changes on thermal expansion,
freezing, and insulation requirements,
• (3) ensuring flexibility in the piping system to
withstand physical and thermal shocks,
• (4) establishing adequate support structures for
the system, and
• (5) providing a system configuration that is easy
to install, inspect, and maintain.
• Dynamic Effects The pipe stresses resulting
from thermal expansion or contraction must
be considered in any piping system design.
• The piping design must provide for possible
impact from the effect of high winds,
earthquakes, discharge reactions, and
vibrations from piping arrangement and
support.
• water hammer in the piping system may cause
extreme stresses at bends in pipelines.
• In steam lines, this effect can be minimized by
eliminating liquid pockets in the line through
the use of steam traps and sloping of the line
in the direction of flow.
• Ambient Effects :If cooling of the fluid in the
system results in a vacuum, the design must
provide for the additional pressure difference
experienced by the system, or a vacuum
breaker may need to be installed.
 Pipe Sizing
• Optimum pipe diameter:
• It provides the minimum total cost of both the
annual pumping power and the fixed charges
for a particular piping system.
• where D,i0pt is the optimum pipe diameter in m,
mv = the volumetric flow rate in m3/s,
• p the fluid density in kg/m3 and uf the fluid
viscosity in Pa-s.
 PUMPING OF FLUIDS
• Pumps are used to transfer fluids from one
location to another.
• The pump accomplishes is transfer by
increasing the pressure of the fluid and,
thereby, supplying the driving force necessary
for flow.
 Selection of Pumps
• Selection of a pump for a specific service requires
knowledge of :
• the liquid to be handled,
• the total dynamic head required,
• the suction and discharge heads,
• The temperature, viscosity, vapor pressure, and
density of the fluid.
• Special attention will need to be given to those
cases where solids are contained in the liquid.
 Types of Pumps
• 1) centrifugal pumps (including turbine and
axial pumps),
• (2) positive displacement pumps,
• (3) jet pumps,
• (4) electromagnetic pumps.
Centrifugal Pumps
• In the centrifugal pump, the fluid is fed into the
pump at the center of a rotating impeller and is
thrown outward by centrifugal force.
• The fluid at the outer periphery of the impeller
attains a high velocity and, consequently, a high
kinetic energy.
• The conversion of this kinetic energy to pressure
energy supplies the pressure difference between
the suction side and the delivery side of the
pump.
• For an ideal centrifugal pump, the speed of
the impeller Nr in revolutions per minute
should be directly proportional to the fluid
discharge rate mv,
• The head, or pressure difference, produced by
the pump is a function of the kinetic energy
developed at the point of release from the
impeller.
• The head developed by the pump is directly
proportional to the square of the impeller speed.
• As the power required for such a pump is directly
proportional to the product of the head and the
flow rate,
• One of the parameters that is useful in
selecting a type of centrifugal pump for a
certain application is the specific speed Ns.

• where Nr is the revolutions per minute of the

impeller, mv the flow rate in m3/s, and
• H the head in N-m/kg.
• Process pumps are typically single-stage, pedestal-mounted
pumps with single suction overhung impellers.
• These pumps are designed for ease in dismantling and
accessibility.
• these pumps can transfer corrosive.
• Most pump manufacturers provide both horizontal and
vertical process pumps built to an ANSI standard.
• The horizontal pumps are available for capacities up to 900
m3/h while
• the vertical in-line pumps have capacities up to 320 m3/h.
Both types of pumps can operate with heads up to 120 m.
• Double-suction, single-stage pumps are used for
general water supply, circulation service, and chemical
service with noncorrosive liquids.
• These units are available for capacities from about 6 to
more than 10,000 m3/h and fluid heads up to 300 m.
• Higher heads than can be generated by a single
impeller require the use of multistage centrifugal
pumps.
• In these units the impellers are in series, and the total
head generated is the summation of the heads of the
individual impellers.
• Axial-flow pumps, on the other hand, are
essentially very high-capacity, low-head units.
• These pumps are designed for flows greater
than 450 m3/h with liquid heads of 10 m or
less.
• These pumps are widely used in closed-loop
circulation systems in which the pump casing
essentially becomes an elbow in the line.
• Energy losses caused by turbulence at the
point where the liquid path changes from
radial flow to tangential flow in the pump
casing can be decreased by using turbine
pumps.
• Regenerative pumps are also referred to as
turbine pumps because of the shape of the
impeller.
• These units employ a combination of mechanical
impulse and centrifugal force to produce heads
greater than 100 m at capacities below 20 m3/h.
• These units are very useful when small flow
quantities of low-viscosity liquids must be
transferred at higher pressures.
 Advantages and Disadvantages
• The major advantages of a centrifugal pump are simplicity,
low initial cost, low maintenance expense, uniform
(nonpulsating) flow, quiet operation, and adaptability to use
either motor or turbine drivers.
• This type of pump also can handle liquids with large amounts
of solids since there are no close metal-to-metal fits within
the pump and there are no valves involved in the pump
operation.
• Disadvantages :
• Centrifugal pumps cannot be operated at high heads and have
efficiency problems with handling highly viscous fluids.
• The maximum efficiency for a given pump is only available
over a fairly narrow range of operating conditions.
• Pump is subject to air binding and often must be primed.
 Positive Displacement Pumps
• Positive Displacement Pumps , the head is developed
for any given flow by the speed of the rotor,
• the positive displacement pump achieves its maximum
head by the power actually available from the driver
working on the fluid.
• In general, overall efficiencies of positive displacement
pumps are higher than those of centrifugal pumps
because internal losses are minimized.
• However, the flexibility of the positive displacement
units in handling a wide range of capacities is limited.
 Electromagnetic Pumps
• Electromagnetic Pumps: All electromagnetic
pumps utilize the principle that a conductor in a
magnetic field, carrying a current that flows at
right angles to the direction of the field, has a
force exerted on it.
• These types of pumps are used to move fluids
that exhibit electrical conductivity properties, the
force suitably directed in the fluid manifests itself
as a pressure if the fluid is suitably contained.
 Design Procedures for Pumps
• The amount of useful work that a pump performs
is the product of the flow rate handled by the
pump and the total pressure differential
measured across the device.
• This quantity is usually expressed in terms of an
equivalent height of the fluid being pumped
under adiabatic conditions and is defined simply
as the head.
• The shaft work of the pump in kilowatts is given
by
• where ,
• H is the total dynamic head (column of liquid)
in N-m/kg,
• mv the volumetric flow rate in m3/s, and
• ρ the liquid density in kg/m3
• When the total dynamic head is expressed in
pascals, the shaft work of the pump in
kilowatts is given by
 COMPRESSION AND EXPANSION OF
FLUIDS
• Compressors are used to transfer large volumes of gas
while increasing the pressure of the gas from an inlet
condition to pressures as high as 300 MPa.
• They are generally classified into two major categories,
• 1.continuous-flow compressors and positive
• 2. displacement compressors.
• Fans are used to move gas volumes at conditions
where the delivery pressure differential is no more
than 3.5 kPa.
• For blowers the pressure differential is slightly greater
but no more than 10 kPa. Fans and blowers are either
centrifugal or axial-flow units.
• Expanders are devices used for converting the pressure
energy of a gas or vapor stream to mechanical work as the
fluid undergoes an expansion.
• Expanders using steam generally are divided into two broad
categories:
• 1. those used to generate electric power and
• 2. general-purpose units used to drive pumps, compressors,
etc.
• When other fluids besides steam are used in an expander, the
mechanical work produced generally is a by-product since the
primary objective is to provide cooling of the fluid.
• Turbo expanders are in wide use in the cryogenic field to
produce the refrigeration required for the separation and
liquefaction of gases.