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    Applications: Law of Natural Growth or Decay

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    JoSa
    The document summarizes the law of natural growth or decay, which states that the rate of change of a quantity y that depends on time t is proportional to y. This results in a differential equation of the form dy/dt = ky, where k is a constant. If k is positive, y grows exponentially, and if k is negative, y decays exponentially. The document provides the general solution to the initial value problem and uses examples to illustrate population growth models and radioactive decay.

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    Applications: Law of Natural Growth or Decay

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    JoSa
    55 views7 pages
    The document summarizes the law of natural growth or decay, which states that the rate of change of a quantity y that depends on time t is proportional to y. This results in a differential equation of the form dy/dt = ky, where k is a constant. If k is positive, y grows exponentially, and if k is negative, y decays exponentially. The document provides the general solution to the initial value problem and uses examples to illustrate population growth models and radioactive decay.

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    Lecture Notes 7.pptx

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    The document summarizes the law of natural growth or decay, which states that the rate of change of a quantity y that depends on time t is proportional to y. This results in a differential equation of the form dy/dt = ky, where k is a constant. If k is positive, y grows exponentially, and if k is negative, y decays exponentially. The document provides the general solution to the initial value problem and uses examples to illustrate population growth models and radioactive decay.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    55 views7 pages

    Applications: Law of Natural Growth or Decay

    Uploaded by

    JoSa
    The document summarizes the law of natural growth or decay, which states that the rate of change of a quantity y that depends on time t is proportional to y. This results in a differential equation of the form dy/dt = ky, where k is a constant. If k is positive, y grows exponentially, and if k is negative, y decays exponentially. The document provides the general solution to the initial value problem and uses examples to illustrate population growth models and radioactive decay.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 7

    APPLICATIONS

    Law of Natural Growth or Decay


    Let 𝑦 denote a certain quantity that depends on time,
    denoted by the variable 𝑡. Some examples are population
    in a certain place, number of bacteria in a culture, amount
    of radioactive material, number of items memorized,
    number of words typed, etc. All of these depend on time.
    Many quantities that depend on time obey the law of
    natural growth or decay. The law simply states that:
    The amount or quantity 𝑦 at time 𝑡 is changes at a rate
    proportional to 𝑦. Stated mathematically,
    𝑑𝑦
    = 𝑘𝑦
    𝑑𝑡
    In the differential equation, 𝑘 is a constant. If 𝑘 > 0, then 𝑦
    is an increasing function of 𝑡, and there is ‘’growth’’. If 𝑘 <
    0, then 𝑦 is a decreasing function of 𝑡, and there is ‘’decay’’.
    Initial Value Problem: Let us find first the solution of the
    𝑑𝑦
    following initial value problem: = 𝑘𝑦; 𝑦 = 𝑦0 when
    𝑑𝑡
    𝑡 = 0.
    Solution. By separation of variables,
    𝑑𝑦
    = 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
    𝑦
    ln 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐
    Since 𝑦 denotes amount or quantity present at time 𝑡, then
    it is always non-negative. We can therefore remove the
    absolute value signs. Furthermore, if we convert the
    equation to exponential form, we get
    𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡+𝑐 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 𝑒 𝑐 = 𝑎𝑒 𝑘𝑡
    Next, we substitute the initial condition to get the value of
    the arbitrary constant 𝑎.
    𝑦0 = 𝑎𝑒 0 = 𝑎
    Therefore, the solution to the IVP is:
    𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
    Example 1. (Leithold, p. 489) The rate of natural increase
    of the population in a certain city is proportional to the
    population at any time. In 1955, the population was 40,000
    and in 1995, it was 60,000. (a) If 𝑦 is the population at
    time 𝑡 years since 1955, express 𝑦 as a function of 𝑡. (b)
    Estimate what the population was in 2001. (c) Estimate
    when the population will be 80,000.
    Solution. The table below summarizes the given information.
    Year 1955 1995 ?
    𝑡 0 40 ?
    𝑦 40,000 60,000 80,000
    From our result, the equation expressing 𝑦 as a function of
    𝑡 is 𝑦 = 40000𝑒 𝑘𝑡 . To find 𝑘, we use the information in
    the year 1995.
    60000 = 40000𝑒 𝑘×40
    3
    = 𝑒 40𝑘
    2
    ln 1.5
    ln 1.5 = 40𝑘 ∴ 𝑘 = = 0.0101366
    40
    (a) 𝑦 = 40000𝑒 0.0101366𝑡

    (b) 𝑦 = 40000𝑒 0.0101366×46 = 63,762


    (c) The answer here is year 2024. Verify this.
    Example 2. (Leithold, #11, p. 90) Thirty percent of a
    radioactive substance disappears in 15 years. Find the half-
    life of the substance.
    Solution. Half-life means the time needed for half of the
    radioactive substance to reduce to half of its present
    amount.
    𝑡 0 15 ?
    𝑦 𝑦0 0.7 𝑦0 0.5 𝑦0
    𝑦 = 𝑦0 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 → 0.7 𝑦0 = 𝑦0 𝑒 15𝑘
    Solving for 𝑘, we get 𝑘 = −0.0237783. ∴ 𝑦 =
    𝑦0 𝑒 −0.0237783𝑡 . Hence, 0.5𝑦0 = 𝑦0 𝑒 0.0237783𝑡 ∴ 𝑡 = 29

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