Chapter 6: EIGRP: Instructor Materials

Chapter 6: EIGRP
Instructor Materials
CCNA Routing and Switching
Scaling Networks v6.0

Chapter 6 - Sections & Objectives
 6.1 EIGRP Characteristics
• Explain the features and characteristics of EIGRP.
• Describe the basic features of EIGRP.
• Describe the types of packets used to establish and maintain an EIGRP neighbor adjacency.
• Describe the encapsulation of an EIGRP messages.
 6.2 Implement EIGRP for IPv4

• Implement EIGRP for IPv4 in a small to medium-sized business network.
• Configure EIGRP for IPv4 in a small routed network.
• Verify EIGRP for IPv4 operation in a small routed network.
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
Chapter 6 - Sections & Objectives (Cont.)
 6.3 Implement EIGRP for IPv6

• Implement EIGRP for IPv6 in a small to medium-sized business network.
• Compare characteristics and operation of EIGRP for IPv4 to EIGRP for IPv6.
• Configure EIGRP for IPv6 in a small routed network.
• Verify EIGRP for IPv6 implementation in a small routed network.
6.1 EIGRP Characteristics
Establishing EIGRP Neighbor Relationships
 EIGRP Characteristics
 Components of EIGRP
 EIGRP Operation Overview
 Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4
EIGRP Characteristics (1)
 Advanced distance vector protocol
 was Cisco-proprietary( Open Standard Since 2013)
 Fast convergence
 Scalable
 Load balancing Over unequal cost links
 Classless (VLSM Support)
 Multiple network layer support (IPv4 & IPv6)
EIGRP Characteristics (2)
Multiple network layer support (IPv4 & IPv6)
Use of multicast and unicast
multicast address used for EIGRP for IPv4 is 224.0.0.10,
 multicast address for EIGRP for IPv6 is FF00::A.
Partial updates : sends partial triggered updates rather than
periodic updates.
 has sophisticated metric
EIGRP Timers (default 5/15)

Components of EIGRP
1. Neighbor discovery
2. Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
• EIGRP runs directly above the IP layer as its own protocol, numbered 88.
• RTP is the component of the EIGRP responsible for guaranteed, ordered delivery of EIGRP packets
to all neighbors.
3. Uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate paths and back-up paths.
4. Protocol-Dependent Modules
 IPv4 & IPv6
EIGRP Data Structures
Three tables:
 Neighbor Table
• Show ip eigrp neighbors
 Topology Table
• Show ip eigrp toplogy
 Routing Table
• Show ip eigrp route
Basic Features of EIGRP
Protocol Dependent Modules
EIGRP Operation Overview
EIGRP Metric
 EIGRP uses a composite metric to determine the best path to the destination.
 The metric’s value derives from a formula that can use the following parameters:
• Bandwidth: Least value of the bandwidth form all links between the local router
and the destination network represented by kilobits(kbs)
• Delay: Cumulative delay obtained as sum of values of all delays for all links
between the source and destination divide by tens of microseconds
• Reliability [b/n 0 & 1]: 0/255, this value represents the worst reliability
between source and destination & 255/255 is the most reliable.
• Load: how busy is the link
• MTU: is not included in the calculation
• Hop Count: is not included in the calculation
How ever, default metric setting uses only bandwidth & delay parameters.
EIGRP Metric Calculation
EIGRP Metric Calculation
 With the default K-Values K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0
 Note that changing the K values is not recommended. © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15
EIGRP Metric Calculation Example (R1 to R4)
Path 1: R1-R2-R3-R4 ; Path 2: R1-R5-R6-R7-R4
Using R1-R2-R3-R4
 Bandwidth = (10^7 / Least bandwidth in kilobits per second)
 Delay = microseconds/10
 Metric = (Bandwidth + Delay) * 256
 Bandwidth = (10,000,000 / 10,000) = 1,000
 Delay = [4000 + 1000 + 5000] = 10000 [tens of microseconds]
 Metric = (1000 + 10,000) * 256 = 2,816,000

EIGRP Routing Information
 Only the routes that are used by EIGRP, the successor routes, get advertised.
 Successor: a neighboring EIGRP-speaking router that offers the best path (i.e. the route with smallest
metric) to a destination network.
 Successor Route: the most attractive route to a destination network that is known to an EIGRP- speaking
router.
 Feasible Successor: an EIGRP-neighbor that can get us to a destination network (without causing a
routing loop) and act as a backup to a successor router.
 Feasible Successor Route: a loop-free router (known to EIGRP) to a destination network, that acts as a
backup to the successor route.
EIGRP Routing Information
The EIGRP Feasibility Condition
 An EIGRP route is a feasible successor route if its reported distance
(RD) or “advertised distance(AD) (=old literature )” coming from
our neighbor is less than the feasible distance (FD) of the successor
route (best route).
 Example 1: From the perspective R1 find the best route arrive
10.1.1.0/24 network which is attached R5. (metric is given for each
network link)
EIGRP Path Calculation Example 2.
 Reported Distance
EIGRP Path Calculation Example2
 Feasible Distance
EIGRP Path Calculation Example 2
 Successor
 Feasible Successor
6.2 Implement EIGRP for IPv4
Implement EIGRP for IPv4
Configure EIGRP with IPv4
 The routers in the topology have a starting configuration that includes addresses on the interfaces.
There is currently no static routing or dynamic routing configured on any of the routers.
 An Autonomous System (AS) is a collection of
networks under the control of a single authority
(reference RFC 1930).
• AS numbers are needed to exchange routes
between AS.
• AS numbers are managed by IANA and assigned
by RIRs to ISPs, Internet Backbone providers,
and institutions connecting to other institutions
using AS numbers.
 AS numbers are usually 16-bit numbers, ranging from 0 to 65535.

• Since 2007, AS numbers can now be 32 bits, therefore increasing the number of AS numbers
to over 4 billion.
 To configure EIGRP, use the router eigrp AS-# command.
• The AS-# functions as a process ID.
• The AS number used for EIGRP configuration is only significant to the EIGRP routing domain.
• All routers in the EIGRP routing domain must use the same AS number (process ID number).
 Note:
• Do NOT configure multiple instances of EIGRP on the same router.
 The EIGRP router ID is used to
uniquely identify each router in the
EIGRP routing domain.
 Routers use the following three

criteria to determine its router ID:
1. Use the address configured with
the eigrp router-id ipv4-
address router config command.
2. If the router ID is not configured,
choose the highest IPv4 address of
any of its loopback interfaces.
3. If no loopback interfaces are
configured, choose the highest
active IPv4 address of any of its
physical interfaces.
 Use the network network-number [wildcard-mask] router config command to enable and advertise
a network in EIGRP.
• It enables the interfaces configured for that network address to begin transmitting & receiving EIGRP
updates
• Includes network or subnet in EIGRP updates
 A wildcard mask is similar to a subnet mask but is calculated by subtracting a SNM from
255.255.255.255.
 For example, if the SNM is 255.255.255.252:

• 255.255.255.255
• - 255.255.255.252
• 0. 0. 0. 3 Wildcard mask
 EIGRP also automatically converts a subnet

mask to its wildcard mask equivalent.
• E.g., entering 192.168.10.8 255.255.255.252
automatically converts to 192.168.10.8 0.0.0.3
 Passive interfaces prevent EIGRP updates out a specified router interface.
Router(config-router)#
passive-interface type number [default]
 Set a particular interface or all router interfaces to passive.

• The default option sets all router interfaces to passive.
• Prevents neighbor relationships from being established.
• Routing updates from a neighbor are ignored.
Verify EIGRP with IPv4
 Use the show ip eigrp neighbors command to view the neighbor table and verify that EIGRP has
established an adjacency with its neighbors.
• The output displays a list of each adjacent neighbor.
 The show ip protocols command is useful to
identify the parameters and other information about
the current state of any active IPv4 routing protocol
processes configured on the router.
 For example, in the command output in the figure:

1. EIGRP is an active dynamic routing protocol on R1
configured with the autonomous system number 1.
2. The EIGRP router ID of R1 is 1.1.1.1.
3. The EIGRP administrative distances on R1 are internal
AD of 90 and external of 170 (default values).
4. By default, EIGRP does not automatically summarize
networks. Subnets are included in the routing updates.
5. The EIGRP neighbor adjacencies R1 has with other
routers used to receive EIGRP routing updates.
6.3: Implement EIGRP for IPv6
EIGRP for IPv6
 EIGRP for IPv6 is a distance-vector
routing protocol.
• The configuration and operation is
similar to EIGRP for IPv4.
 The following remained the same as

EIGRP for IPv4:
• Uses the same protocol number (88)
• Maintains a topology table and queries
if no feasible successors are available.
• Uses DUAL to calculate the successor
routes
EIGRP for IPv6
 The following compares EIGRP for IPv4 and IPv6
EIGRP for IPv6
 EIGRP for IPv6 messages are
sent using:
• Source IPv6 address - This is
the IPv6 link-local address of
the exit interface.
• Destination IPv6 address -
When the packet needs to be
sent to a multicast address, it
is sent to the IPv6 multicast
address FF02::A, the all-
EIGRP-routers with link-local
scope. If the packet can be
sent as a unicast address, it is
sent to the link-local address of
the neighboring router.
Configure EIGRP for IPv6
 The ipv6 unicast-routing global config mode
command enables IPv6 routing on the router.
 Use the ipv6 router eigrp autonomous-system to

enter EIGRP for IPv6 router configuration mode.
 Use the eigrp router-id router-id command is

used to configure the router ID.
 By default, the EIGRP for IPv6 process is in a

shutdown state and the no shutdown command
is required to activate the EIGRP for IPv6
process.
 Unlike EIGRP for IPv4 which uses the network command, EIGRP for IPv6 is configured directly on
the interface using the ipv6 eigrp autonomous-system interface configuration command.
The same passive-interface command

used for IPv4 is used with EIGRP for IPv6.
Verifying EIGRP for IPv6
 Use the show ipv6 eigrp neighbors command to view the neighbor table and verify that EIGRP for
IPv6 has established an adjacency with its neighbors.
• H - Lists the neighbors in order they were learned.

• Address - IPv6 link-local address of the neighbor.
• Interface - Local interface that received the Hello.
• Hold - Current hold time.
• Uptime - Time since this neighbor was added.
• SRTT and RTO - Used by RTP.
• Queue Count - Should always be zero.
• Sequence Number - Used to track updates,
queries, and reply packets.
 The show ipv6 protocols command displays
the parameters and other information about
the state of any active IPv6 routing protocol
processes currently configured on the router.
1. EIGRP for IPv6 is an active dynamic routing
protocol on R1.
2. These are the k values used to calculate the
EIGRP composite metric.
3. The EIGRP for IPv6 router ID of R1 is 1.0.0.0.
4. Same as EIGRP for IPv4, EIGRP for IPv6
administrative distances have internal AD of 90
and external of 170 (default values).
5. The interfaces enabled for EIGRP for IPv6.
 Use the show ipv6 route command to examine the IPv6 routing table.
• EIGRP for IPv6 routes are denoted with a D.
 The figure shows that R1 has installed three EIGRP routes to remote
IPv6 networks in its IPv6 routing table:
• 2001:DB8:CAFE:2::/64 via R3 (FE80::3) using its Serial 0/0/1 interface
• 2001:DB8:CAFE:3::/64 via R3 (FE80::3) using its Serial 0/0/1 interface
• 2001:DB8:CAFE:A002::/64 via R3 (FE80::3) using its Serial 0/0/1 interface
6.5 Chapter Summary
Conclusion
Chapter 6: EIGRP
 EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is a classless, distance vector routing
protocol.
 EIGRP uses the source code of "D" for DUAL in the routing table. EIGRP has a default
administrative distance of 90 for internal routes and 170 for routes imported from an external
source, such as default routes. These features include: Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL),
establishing neighbor adjacencies, Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP), partial and bounded
updates, and equal and unequal cost load balancing.
 EIGRP uses PDMs (Protocol Dependent Modules) giving it the capability to support different Layer
3 protocols including IPv4 and IPv6. EIGRP uses reliable delivery for EIGRP updates, queries and
replies; and uses unreliable delivery for EIGRP Hellos and acknowledgments. Reliable RTP means
an EIGRP acknowledgment must be returned.
 Before any EIGRP updates are sent, a router must first discover its neighbors using EIGRP Hello
packets. The Hello and hold-down values do not need to match for two routers to become
neighbors. The show ip eigrp neighbors command is used to view the neighbor table and verify
that EIGRP has established an adjacency with its neighbors.

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Chapter 6: EIGRP

CCNA Routing and Switching

Scaling Networks v6.0

 6.2 Implement EIGRP for IPv4

 6.3 Implement EIGRP for IPv6

 EIGRP Operation Overview

 Configuring and Verifying Basic EIGRP for IPv4

 was Cisco-proprietary( Open Standard Since 2013)

 Load balancing Over unequal cost links

 Classless (VLSM Support)

 Multiple network layer support (IPv4 & IPv6)

EIGRP Timers (default 5/15)

 With the default K-Values K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0

 Metric = (Bandwidth + Delay) * 256

 Bandwidth = (10,000,000 / 10,000) = 1,000

 Delay = [4000 + 1000 + 5000] = 10000 [tens of microseconds]

 Metric = (1000 + 10,000) * 256 = 2,816,000

 AS numbers are usually 16-bit numbers, ranging from 0 to 65535.

 Routers use the following three

 For example, if the SNM is 255.255.255.252:

 EIGRP also automatically converts a subnet

passive-interface type number [default]

 Set a particular interface or all router interfaces to passive.

 For example, in the command output in the figure:

 The following remained the same as

 Use the ipv6 router eigrp autonomous-system to

 Use the eigrp router-id router-id command is

 By default, the EIGRP for IPv6 process is in a

The same passive-interface command

• H - Lists the neighbors in order they were learned.

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