LEARNING OUTCOMES

• Discuss the concepts of anatomy and

physiology
• Explain the basic foundation of the human
body
• Use correct anatomical terminology to
describe body directions, regions and body
planes and sections
• Locate and name the major body cavities
and their subdivision.
1-1
 Pre-test
1. Which of the following describes the
science of body functions?
a. Anatomy
b. Physiology
c. Biology
d. Physics

1-2
 Pre-test
2. Which of the following is the lowest level
of structural organization of the human body?
a. Organs
b. System
c. Cellular
d. Chemical

1-3
 Pre-test
3. If you eventually look outside the room
because of a loud sound, you must have this
life basic process. What is described?
a. Metabolism
b. Differentiation
c. Responsiveness
d. Growth

1-4
 Pre-test
4. Your body has the ability to maintain the
blood sugar level. What phenomenon takes
place?
a. Haematopoiesis
b. Homeostasis
c. Internal disruption
d. None of the above

1-5
 Pre-test
5. Which of the following is not a body
region?
a. Head
b. Neck
c. Trunk
d. Spine

1-6
 Chapter 1
An Introduction to the Human Body
• Anatomy
– science of structure
– relationships revealed by dissection (cutting apart)
– imaging techniques
• Physiology
– science of body functions
– normal adult physiology studied in this text
– some genetic variations described

1-7
Levels of Organization
• Chemical
• Cellular
• Tissue
• Organs
• System Level
• Organismic Level

1-8
Levels of Structural Organization

• Chemical Level
– atomic and molecular level
• Cellular level
– smallest living unit of the body
• Tissue level
– group of cells and the materials surrounding them
that work together on one task
– 4 basic tissue types
• epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nerve
1-9
Levels of Structural Organization
• Organ level
– grouping of 2 or more tissue types into a
recognizable structure with a specific function.
• Organ system
– collection of related organs with a common function
– sometimes an organ is part of more than one system
• Organismic level
– one living individual.

1-10
 Life Processes
• Metabolism = sum of all chemical processes
– breakdown of large molecules into small
– building new structural components (proteins)
– providing chemical energy for cells
• Responsiveness
– detect & respond to changes in internal or external
environment
– some typical responses
• muscle contraction, electrical signals, hormone or glandular
secretion

1-11
 Life Processes
• Movement at any structural level
– the body, an organ, a cell or cell component
• Growth
– increase in number or size of cells or the material
found between cells
• Differentiation
– specialization of cells for a specific function
– stem cells give rise to cells that specialize
• Reproduction
– formation of new cells or new individuals
1-12
 Homeostasis
• Maintaining the internal environment within
physiological limits
• First described by French physiologist, 1813-1878
• Process named by Walter Cannon, 1871-1945
• Example
– blood glucose level is kept within narrow range 70-
110/100ml

1-13
 Homeostasis of Body Fluids
• Delineation of fluid compartments
– intracellular fluid (ICF) = within cells
– extracellular fluid (ECF) = outside cells
• intercellular fluid = tissue fluid = interstitial fluid
• plasma = fluid portion of blood

• Composition of fluids change as substances move

between compartments
– nutrients, oxygen, ions and wastes move in both
directions across capillary walls

1-14
 Control of Homeostasis
• Homeostasis is continually being disrupted by
– external stimuli or
• intense heat, cold , and lack of oxygen
– internal stimuli
• psychological stresses
• exercise
• Disruptions are usually mild & temporary
• If homeostasis is not maintained, death may
result

1-15
 Neural and Endocrine Controls
• Process of maintaining a controlled condition
– sensory receptors detect change in a monitored variable
– nervous system and/or endocrine system responds
• Example of control of blood gas level
– exercise increases blood CO2 levels
– sensory receptors detect change
– nervous system increases heart and breathing rates to
remove excess CO2
– adrenal gland releases epinephrine to increase heart and
breathing rates
1-16
Components of Feedback Loop
• Receptor
– monitors a controlled condition
• Control center
– determines next action
• Effector
– receives directions from the
control center
– produces a response that
changes the controlled
condition
1-17
Negative & Positive Feedback Loops
• Negative feedback loop
– original stimulus reversed
– most feedback systems in the body are negative
– used for conditions that need frequent adjustment
– body temperature, blood sugar levels, blood
pressure
• Positive feedback loop
– original stimulus intensified
– seen during normal childbirth

1-18
Homeostasis of Blood Pressure
• Pressure receptors in walls of
certain arteries detect an
increase in BP
– blood Pressure = force of blood on
walls of vessels
• Brain receives input and signals
heart and blood vessels
• Heart rate slows and arterioles
dilate (increase in diameter)
• BP returns to normal
1-19
Positive Feedback during Childbirth
• Stretch receptors in walls of
uterus send signals to the brain
• Brain releases hormone
(oxytocin) into bloodstream
• Uterine smooth muscle
contracts more forcefully
• More stretch, more hormone,
more contraction etc.
• Cycle ends with birth of the
baby & decrease in stretch
1-20
 Homeostatic Imbalances
• Disorder = abnormality of function
• Disease = homeostatic imbalance with distinct
– symptoms---changes in body function felt by the
patient such as nausea and
– signs----changes in body function that can be observed
by the doctor such as rash or fever
• Diagnosis---skill of distinguishing one disease
from another
• Epidemiology----how disease is transmitted
• Pharmacology --- how drugs used to treat disease
1-21
1. S U Review
2. O N S I

3. G W

4. F N I

5. C T

6. O O T

7. E C

8. O E

9. C U

10. E O S

11. D C O

12. C R E

13. A O

14. S S S
1-22
1. T I S S U E Review
2. O R G A N I S M I C

3. G R O W T H

4. D I F F E R E N T I A T I O N

5. R E C E P T O R

6. H O M E O S T A S I S

7. C H E M I C A L

8. M O V E M E N T

9. C E L L U L A R

10. M E T A B O L I S M

11. F E E D B A C K L O O P

12. C O N T R O L C E N T E R

13. A N A T O M Y

14. R E S P O N S I V E N E S S
1-23
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
• Use correct anatomical terminology to
describe body directions, regions and body
planes and sections
• Locate and name the major body cavities
and their subdivision.

1-24
 Pre-test
1. Which of the following describes prone
position?
a. Lying face down
b. Lying face up
c. Lying on right side
d. Lying on left side

1-25
 Pre-test
2. Which of the following does not describe
the anatomical position?
a. standing upright
b. eyes facing forward
c. arms at the sides
d. palms turned inward

1-26
 Pre-test
3. In which body plane do your arms move
when raising them to the side?
a. frontal plane
b. sagittal plane
c. transverse plane
d. oblique plane

1-27
 Pre-test
4. In which body cavity below are your heart
and lungs enclosed?
a. Abdominopelvic cavity
b. Pleural cavity
c. Thoracic cavity
d. Pericardial cavity

1-28
 Pre-test
5. In which abdominopelvic quadrant is your
appendix located?
a. Right upper quadrant
b. Right lower quadrant
c. Left lower quadrant
d. Left lower quadrant

1-29
 Basic Anatomical Terminology

• Anatomical position

• Regions of the body

• Anatomical planes, sections and directional
terms

1-30
 Anatomical Position
• Standardized position from which to
describe directional terms
– standing upright
– facing the observer, head level
– eyes facing forward
– feet flat on the floor
– arms at the sides
– palms turned forward
• Prone position = lying face down
• Supine position = lying face up
anatomical position?

1-31
 Common Regional Names

• Clinical terminology based on a Greek or Latin root word.

1-32
 Planes and Sections
• A plane is an imaginary
flat surface that passes
through the body.
• A section is one of the 2
surfaces (pieces) that
results when the body is
cut by a plane passing
through it.

1-33
Sagittal Plane
• Sagittal plane
– divides the body or an
organ into left and
right sides
• Midsagittal plane
– produces equal halves
• Parasagittal plane
– produces unequal
halves

1-34
Other Planes and Sections
• Frontal or coronal plane
– divides the body or an organ into
front (anterior) and back
(posterior) portions
• Transverse(cross-sectional) or
horizontal plane
– divides the body or an organ into
upper (superior) or lower
(inferior) portions
• Oblique plane
– some combination of 2 other
planes
1-35
Planes and Sections of the Brain
(3-D anatomical relationships revealed)

• Horizontal Plane

• Frontal Plane

• Midsagittal Plane

1-36
Major Directional Terms

1-37
Superior or Inferior
• Superior
– towards the head
– The eyes are superior
to the mouth.

• Inferior
– away from the head
– The stomach is
inferior to the heart.

1-38
Dorsal or Ventral

• Dorsal or Posterior
– at the back of the body
– The brain is posterior to
the forehead.

• Ventral or Anterior
– at the front of the body
– The sternum is anterior to
the heart.

1-39
Medial or Lateral
• Medial
– nearer to the midline of
the body
– The heart lies medial to
the lungs.

• Lateral
– farther from the midline
of the body
– The thumb is on the
lateral side of the hand.

1-40
Proximal or Distal
• Proximal
– nearer to the attachment of the
limb to the trunk
– The knee is proximal to the
ankle.
• Distal
– farther from the attachment of
the limb to the trunk
– The wrist is distal to the elbow.

1-41
 Dorsal Body Cavity
• Near dorsal surface of
body
• 2 subdivisions
– cranial cavity
• holds the brain
• formed by skull
– vertebral or spinal canal
• contains the spinal cord
• formed by vertebral
column
• Meninges line dorsal
body cavity
1-42
 Ventral Body Cavity
• Near ventral surface of
body
• 2 subdivisions
– thoracic cavity above
diaphragm
– abdominopelvic cavity
below diaphragm
• Diaphragm = large,
dome-shaped muscle
• Organs called viscera
• Organs covered with
serous membrane
1-43
 Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Inferior portion of ventral body cavity below diaphragm

• Encircled by abdominal wall, bones & muscles of pelvis
1-44
 Thoracic Cavity

• Encircled by ribs, sternum, vertebral column and muscle

• Divided into 2 pleural cavities by mediastinum
• Mediastinum contains all thoracic organs except lungs
1-45
 Mediastinum

• Midline wall of tissue that contains heart and great

vessels, esophagus, trachea and thymus.
1-46
 Serous Membranes

• Thin slippery membrane lines body cavities

not open to the outside
– parietal layer lines walls of cavities
– visceral layer covers viscera within the cavities
• Serous fluid reduces friction

1-47
 Pleural & Pericardial Cavities

• Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs --- Parietal pleura

lines chest wall
• Visceral pericardium covers heart --- Parietal pericardium
lines pericardial sac
1-48
 Peritoneum

• Visceral peritoneum --- serous membrane that covers the

abdominal viscera
• Parietal peritoneum --- serous membrane that lines the
abdominal wall
1-49
Abdominopelvic Regions & Quadrants

• Describe locations of organs or source of pain

• Tic-tac-toe grid or intersecting lines through navel
1-50
 Pre-test
1. Which of the following does not describe
the anatomical position?
a. standing upright
b. eyes facing forward
c. arms at the sides
d. palms turned inward

1-51
 Pre-test
2. Which of the following describes prone
position?
a. Lying face down
b. Lying face up
c. Lying on right side
d. Lying on left side

1-52
 Pre-test
3. In which abdominopelvic quadrant is your
appendix located?
a. Right upper quadrant
b. Right lower quadrant
c. Left lower quadrant
d. Left lower quadrant

1-53
 Pre-test
4. In which body cavity below are your heart
and lungs enclosed?
a. Abdominopelvic cavity
b. Pleural cavity
c. Thoracic cavity
d. Pericardial cavity

1-54
 Pre-test
5. In which body plane do your arms move
when raising them to the side?
a. frontal plane
b. sagittal plane
c. transverse plane
d. oblique plane

1-55