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    Conflict in Mindanao Root Causes and Status: Abhoud Syed M. Lingga Institute of Bangsamoro Studies

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    Keme Dora
    The document discusses the root causes and status of the conflict in Mindanao between the Government of the Philippines and the Bangsamoro people, represented by groups like the MNLF and MILF. It traces the historical drivers of the conflict back to the Bangsamoro people's desire for sovereignty over their homeland and their negative experiences under Philippine rule, including bias, land loss, underdevelopment, and human rights abuses. This led to both peaceful and armed resistance by the Bangsamoro. The conflict has resulted in massive costs in lives and economic losses over several decades.

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    Conflict in Mindanao Root Causes and Status: Abhoud Syed M. Lingga Institute of Bangsamoro Studies

    Uploaded by

    Keme Dora
    77 views26 pages
    The document discusses the root causes and status of the conflict in Mindanao between the Government of the Philippines and the Bangsamoro people, represented by groups like the MNLF and MILF. It traces the historical drivers of the conflict back to the Bangsamoro people's desire for sovereignty over their homeland and their negative experiences under Philippine rule, including bias, land loss, underdevelopment, and human rights abuses. This led to both peaceful and armed resistance by the Bangsamoro. The conflict has resulted in massive costs in lives and economic losses over several decades.

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    bangsamoro basic law/ conflict in mindanao teaching aid

    Original Title

    Bangs a Moro

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    The document discusses the root causes and status of the conflict in Mindanao between the Government of the Philippines and the Bangsamoro people, represented by groups like the MNLF and MILF. It traces the historical drivers of the conflict back to the Bangsamoro people's desire for sovereignty over their homeland and their negative experiences under Philippine rule, including bias, land loss, underdevelopment, and human rights abuses. This led to both peaceful and armed resistance by the Bangsamoro. The conflict has resulted in massive costs in lives and economic losses over several decades.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    77 views26 pages

    Conflict in Mindanao Root Causes and Status: Abhoud Syed M. Lingga Institute of Bangsamoro Studies

    Uploaded by

    Keme Dora
    The document discusses the root causes and status of the conflict in Mindanao between the Government of the Philippines and the Bangsamoro people, represented by groups like the MNLF and MILF. It traces the historical drivers of the conflict back to the Bangsamoro people's desire for sovereignty over their homeland and their negative experiences under Philippine rule, including bias, land loss, underdevelopment, and human rights abuses. This led to both peaceful and armed resistance by the Bangsamoro. The conflict has resulted in massive costs in lives and economic losses over several decades.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    CONFLICT IN MINDANAO

    Root Causes and Status

    ABHOUD SYED M. LINGGA


    Institute of Bangsamoro Studies

    Asia DCHS Regional Workshop on “Towards Liberating Democracy: Devolution of Power Matters”
    Organized by International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance
    and Mahidol University Research Center on Peace Building
    Siam City Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand January 16-17, 2007
    Conflict situation in Mindanao

    Government forces MILF Forces Sovereignty-based

    Government forces MNLF Forces Sovereignty-based

    Comunist Party
    Government forces Ideology-based
    (CPP/NPA)

    Government forces Abu Sayaf/JI Terrorism

    Government forces Criminal elements Criminality

    Clan/family Clan/family Rido (Clan conflict)


    Scope of presentation
    • This presentation is limited to the conflict
    between the Government of the Republic
    of the Philippines (GRP) and the
    Bangsamoro people.
    • Specifically, between the GRP and the
    Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
    and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).
    Who are the conflicting parties?
    • The Government of the Republic of the
    Philippines

    • The Bangsamoro people


    – Representative bodies:
    • Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)
    • Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)
    Who are the Bangsamoro?

    The Muslims who


    traditionally inhabited
    Mindanao, the islands of Basilan,
    Palawan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi
    call themselves Bangsamoro.
    Provinces where Muslims are majority

    LANAO
    DEL SUR
    BASILAN
    SULU
    TAWI-TAWI
    MAGUINDANAO

    MINDANAO
    Conflict-affected areas

    Provinces Provinces
    Muslims are majority Muslims are significant minority

    North Cotabato
    Sultan Kudarat
    Lanao del Sur Lanao del Norte
    Zamboanga del Sur
    Maguindanao Zamboanga del Norte
    Zamboanga Sibugay
    Basilan South Cotabato
    Davao del Sur
    Sulu Davao Oriental
    Compostela Valley
    Tawi-Tawi Sarangani
    Palawan
    Nature of the conflict
    • Sovereignty-based
    – Bangsamoro claim for separate independent
    state of their own

    – Assertion of their right to determine their


    political status since their incorporation to the
    Philippine state was without their plebicitary
    consent.
    Drivers
    • Their historical awareness that before
    the formation of the Philippine state,
    the Bangsamoro people had their
    independent governments.
    • Their unpleasant experiences under
    the Philippine unitary state.
    Experiences Under the Philippines
    Strong bias and prejudice of the Christian
    majority towards the Muslims
    – Filipinas Foundation study (1973)
    • Muslim-Filipinos were the “least likeable” ethnic group
    • 54% of respondents had unfavorable comments towards
    Muslims
    – Philippine Human Development Report (2005)
    • 33% to 39% of Filipinos are biased against Muslims
    • 46% of Christian population would choose Christian male
    worker and 40% Christian female domestic helper. Only 4%
    will choose a Muslim male worker and 7% Muslim female
    domestic helper.
    • In Metro Manila 57 percent opt for residence with higher rent
    but far from a Muslim community.
    Experiences Under the Philippines

    Minoritization of the Bangsamoro in


    their own homeland

    In 1918, the Muslims were dominant in


    Mindanao but government settlement
    and development programs reduced
    them, together with the Indigenous
    peoples, minority in their homeland.
    Muslim Traditional Homeland
    Muslim Majority Areas
    2000 Census
    Experiences Under the Philippines

    Failure of the Government


    –to protect the interest of the
    Bangsamoro people over their lands.
    –Worst still, government development
    programs are among the reasons
    why they lost their lands to migrants
    from the north.
    Public Land Law and Resettlement

    Allowed Number of Hectares


    Year Homesteader Moro and Corporation
    Wild Tribe
    No
    1903 16 has. provision 1,024 has.

    1919 24 has. 10 has. 1,024 has.

    1936 16 has. 4 has. 1,024 has.


    Experiences Under the Philippines

    Failure of Government to deliver basic


    services and needed development

    Muslim areas continue to suffer the highest


    poverty incidence.

    .
    Mindanao regions consistently poorest in PH
    https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/iq/171135-fast-facts-poverty-mindanao

    • Four out of the top 5 poorest regions in the Philippines


    are in Mindanao, according to data from the 2015 Family
    Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES) released by the
    Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA).

    • Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula), Region X (Northern


    Mindanao), Region XII (Soccsksargen), Region XIII
    (Caraga), and the Autonomous Region in Muslim
    Mindanao (ARMM) registered poverty incidence above
    39% in 2015.
    REGION POVERTY INCIDENCE AMONG
    POPULATION
    ARMM 59%
    CARAGA 43.9%
    SOCCSKSARGEN 44.5%
    DAVAO REGION 26.7%
    NORTHERN MINDANAO 40.9%
    ZAMBOANGA PENINSULA 39%
    Experiences Under the Philippines

    Failure of Government to protect their


    persons and properties
    – Reported massacres of Muslims remain
    unsolved until now (e.g., massacres in
    Manili, Tacub, Malisbung, Pata island)
    – Reported bombings of mosques remain
    unsolved.
    Phases of Bangsamoro
    struggle

    • Peaceful struggle
    • Armed struggle
    Peaceful assertions
    • When the U.S. planned to grant independence to the
    Philippines, Bangsamoro leaders petitioned the U.S.
    government that the Bangsamoro territories should not be
    included in the would-be Philippine Republic.

    – June 9, 1921- petition of the people of Sulu


    – February 1, 1924 - Declaration of Rights and Purposes
    (Zamboanga declaration)
    – March 18, 1935 - Dansalan Declaration

    • When their territories were made part of the Philippine Republic


    in 1946, the Bangsamoro people continue to assert their right
    to independence through peaceful means

    – Amilbangsa Bill (H.B. 5682)


    – Mindanao Independence Movement
    Triggers to the armed conflict

    • Emergence of government-backed anti-


    Muslim militia, the Ilaga.

    • Declaration of martial law


    • The Ilaga (Visayan for rat, translated to mean Ilonggo land grabbers) is a
    Christian extremist paramilitary group based in southern Philippines.
    • The group is predominantly composed of Visayans (mostly Ilonggo),
    embracing a form of Folk Catholicism that utilizes amulets and violence.
    • The group complemented the Philippine Constabulary as a militia force
    during the 1970s in southern Mindanao while fighting against Moro
    guerrillas during the Moro insurgency in the Philippines.

    • From 1970 to 1971 Ilaga launched a series of 21 massacres that left 518
    people dead, 184 injured, and 243 houses burned down.
    • The group committed one of its bloodiest acts with the Manili massacre on
    June 19, 1971, when the group killed 70[1]–79[6] Moro civilians inside a
    mosque.
    Costs of the conflict

    • 50,000 deaths
    • 2 million refugees
    • 535 mosques destroyed
    • 200 schools demolished
    • 35 cities and towns destroyed
    Costs of the conflict
    • Government spent P76 billion from 1970-
    1996
    • In year 2000 all-out war against the MILF,
    Government spent no less than P6 billion
    • Economic output lost directly –
    $2 billion to $3 billion from 1970-2001
    (about P5 billion to P7.5 billion annually)
    • ASSIGNMENT:
    – 1 whole (by pair)
    – Research about the conflict management
    approaches of the government towards the
    Bangsamoro conflict.
    – RECITATION on th abovementioned topic
    next meeting; everyone will be called.

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