METODE

PENELITIAN

05 [email protected]
 PERTEMUAN
[REKAYASA DAN RANCANG BANGUN]

PERTEMUAN DAN TOPIK

KE - 1 KE - 2 KE - 3 KE - 4 KE – 5 KE - 6 KE - 7
Metoda ? Lit. Kuanti Etika Identifikasi Studi Anggapan Pendekatan
Penelitian ? tatif & dalam dan Peru Pendahulu Dasar dan dan Sumber
Mengapa Kuali tatif. Penelitian – musan an dan Hipotesis Metode
dan Bagaima Prose Jenis-Jenis masalah Kajian Penelitian
na Lak Lit ? dur Lit. Penelitian Literatur

KE - 8 KE - 9 KE - 10 KE - 11 KE - 12 KE - 13 KE - 14
Penelitian Memilih Persiapan Research Literature Research Research
Engineering judul membuat topic and review questions proposal
[rekayasa proposal title writing
dan rancang penelitian
bangun]
 What is an Introduction?

• Students often ask:

What is the difference between an
introduction and a literature review?
• Answer:
The literature review is part of your
introduction
• It is likely to be the largest, most
important part
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 1
When beginning any research project,
there are initial steps that one should
follow when working under another researcher
(i.e. your graduate mentor or faculty advisor).
If you are working with a mentor for the first
time, you will need to develop a strong
relationship with them right from the
beginning. Most problems in the mentor-
student relationship are the result of
misunderstandings of each party's expec
tations. Also, as you begin to work in a
laboratory for the first time, you will need to
be aware of many important safety issues
so that you are protected while conducting
research there.
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 2
There are a few common roles
that any mentor will assume:
A guide: They should help set up short and long
term goals for the research project.
An advisor: They will be available to answer your
questions on the project, and direct you to proper
resources. Such resources could include people who
have had similar experiences or have done similar
experiments to those that you will encounter this
summer.
A person who offers support and guidance:
Mentors should offer critical feedback on your
abilities and performance, while encouraging you
when things begin to feel overwhelming.
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 3

Every good mentor will fulfill

several functions. He/she will:
1. Address your questions on the research.
2. Offer guidance, both on your research project as
well as in your career choices.
3. Support your work on the project and provide
recognition for your efforts.
4. Make themselves available, not necessarily on an
immediate basis, but throughout the course of the
project.
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Getting the most 4
out of
this relationship
will
depend
on
you! [email protected]
 Some other tips for meeting
5
with your mentor ::
a. Always arrive on time.
b. Unless advised differently, always address your mentors by
their title and last name (however addressing your graduate
mentor by their first name is usually acceptable).
c. Take notes during the meeting. (You can use your research
notebook, which will be discussed in a later module.)
d. When appropriate, evaluate your progress. Review the short
term goals you had set, and as they are being reached, set more
short term goals. Discuss successes, as well as challenges,
with your mentor.
e. Possibly follow-up with an e-mail to your mentor confirming
what has been agreed upon, and your next action items. (You
will want to discuss with your mentors early on how you should
communicate your research progress and goals.)
f. These discussions are a great opportunity for you to make a
positive impression on your mentor. In the future, you will likely
ask your faculty advisor for a letter of recommendation!
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 6 Lab Safety
When using equipment for the first time, it is
likely that you will encounter problems, so if
you are in doubt, ask your mentor to explain things
again until you are comfortable.
General Safety Practices
1. Always follow lab protocols:
2. Wear proper protection
3. Never attempt to repair lab equipment yourself
4. Never eat in the lab
5. Avoid situations where safety may be compromised
6. Never work alone in the lab
7. Speak with your supervisor before making any
changes or additions to an existing setup or system
8. Report unsafe conditions to your mentors
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 The most important tool you will 7
use is even simpler and more
important: a research notebook
Your notebook is your key resource for your
research project. It is the main location of
documentation for your work. Every time you do
something related to your research, you should make
a note of it in the notebook. Never rely on your
memory for what you did each day. The research
notebook can also serve as a reference for others, in
case someone needs to recreate your
experiment. Finally, some day you may discover
something which you would like to patent. Your
research notebook will serve a proof of when you first
conceived your idea, and the steps you took to
develop it. [email protected]
 8 Data ownership
You need to talk with your mentor at the start of any
project about how to record information about your
project.

What is a research notebook?

It must be a bound, composition style notebook. Never use a spiral or 3-ring
notebook, as pages can easily be torn out. Many researchers prefer notebooks in
which the pages are bound together permanently like a hardback book or with
thread.
A research notebook cannot be a digital document. It must be a physical hardcopy
notebook in which information is hand written. In the event that a question arises to
the ownership of an invention or an idea, a properly formatted and filled out
research notebook serves as legal proof of invention or development of an idea.
The pages should have lines or grids. Lines will work for most, but if you plan on
making a lot of sketches or plots, you may want to consider pages with grids.
Page numbering should be considered when purchasing a notebook. The pages in
your book need to be numbered, and it is easier to buy a book that already has
them. You will often want to make notes that refer to specific pages in the
notebook.
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 Best Practices 9

A few key rules should be followed when

using your notebook.

 You must always use ink, never pencil, and never erase or use white
out. Also, never obliterate anything you have written or tear out
pages.
 If you need to delete an entry or some data due to an error, simply
draw a single line through it. A good practice for correcting an error
is to write the correction above it so others know why you crossed it
out.
 If you decide some notes are no longer relevant, you can draw an
“x” over the section. For example, if you are working through a
series of calculations, and decide that they are incorrect, simple
draw an “x” or a line over them, such as is done by a relatively well
known physicist:

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 10
There are two reasons
for doing this.
 First, you may need to refer back to the
entry at a later date. Even incorrect
information can still be useful
information.
 Second, there is the chance that your
work may be called into question. If you
have erased entries, removed pages, or
darkened over what you have written, it
may appear that you are attempting to
cover something up.
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 11 More Good Practices
1. Use the first couple of pages as a table of contents.
2. Do not place loose paper in your notebook. If you want
to place something into your notebook, use glue (the best option),
staples, or tape.
3. Write your name on the cover, or for hard bound
notebooks, on the first page.
4. Date every entry in your book; many people sign each
page to attest that it is their work.
5. Do not leave any empty space in your notebook. If
your notes for Monday's research end halfway down a
page, do not start Tuesday's notes on the next
page. Start them immediately below Monday's notes and
leave no empty space between them.
6. Always start each new day's notes with the date. You may also
want to write the date in the top outer corner of each page for ease
in searching your notes.
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 Conducting a
Literature Review- 1
One of the first responsibilities in the research process is
to determine what research has been conducted in
your field, and how it may relate to your project. If
you are starting out on a new research project, you
should discuss this issue with your advisor or
mentor. He/she will probably have several key articles
that pertain to the research. Read through these
thoroughly as you will be expected to know what is
discussed in each article. Often this is a bit intimidating
and may require that you literally “work through”
portions of the paper, one line at a time. You should
note questions that you have and discuss them with
your advisor or graduate mentor.
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 Conducting a
Literature Review - 2
When you start your research project, you will begin by
conducting a literature review. There are several
reasons you want to do this. First, you need to know
what has already been done within your research topic
to fully understand the purpose of your
project. Second, by knowing what has been done (and
what is currently being done), you can find an area of
the research that needs to be investigated. This can
lead you to your own project, and/or allow you to
develop ideas to contribute to your project this
summer. Ultimately, the literature review will help you
to see the big picture and how your work fits into the
overall subject.
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 Conducting a
Literature Review - 3
Additionally, when you want to have your work
published, nearly all professional journals expected a
discussion/summary of the relevant literature in your
paper. This grounds your research in other established
relevant work, and shows that you know your research
area. To document what you have read, a good strategy
to adopt is to write a short summary on every paper you
read, right after you finish reading it. This way, you
record your understanding while it is still fresh in your
mind. At the same time, this speeds up your literature
review process . The literature review is also a standard
section of every Master’s thesis and PhD dissertation.
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 Conducting a
Literature Review - 4
In this module, we will talk about the key elements of
conducting a successful literature review. It can take a lot
of work and a lot of time, but is essential for
understanding your research topic. As you gain a deeper
understanding of your project and topic, your work may
lead you to new aspects of your research area. It is also
likely that newly published literature will become
available during the summer. Therefore, even after the
initial literature review is done, the search for relevant
articles is also something that must continue (to some
degree) throughout your research project.
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 2. Where do I start? - 1
There are several ways to find information related
to your research, or other topics in which you are
interested. But let’s be frank: Google is not one, and
neither is Wikipedia. While these are great resources for
finding background information, finding expanded
definitions for terms, or looking up resources such as
professional societies or other groups, they should not be
used as a primary source of information for your literature
review. Most importantly, because there are no
standardized requirements for posting papers or opinions
on web pages, much of the information found by a Google
search or posted on Wikipedia has not passed any criterion
of critical review. [email protected]
 Where do I start? - 2

The best method for finding articles is to utilize the library

search engines. In the technical literature, articles published
as conference proceedings usually present the latest results,
and are sometimes not fully developed. Articles published
in journals are typically based on longer term work,
representing more fully developed research and more
strictly peer reviewed. They also give you access to professional
peer-reviewed journals (such as AIAA, IEEE, AIChE, or ASCE to name a
few) that typically restrict access to "members only". Other useful
tools for finding conference and journal papers are Google Scholar
(the only exception to the "no Google" rule since it points you to peer-
reviewed conference and journal papers) and Web of Science.
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 3. Library Searches - 1
The best place to start a literature review is the
Purdue Library website (www.lib.purdue.edu). The site
provides several options for conducting a search, but for
journal arti cles, there are two primary ways to start. You
can quickly begin a search by using the search box that
appears on the front page. You can search for articles first by
clicking on the "Articles" tab. Another good method to
search for articles is to click on the link for the Advanced
Search. This method gives you a little more control over
your search process, with options for keyword, title, author,
subject, publication date, etc. You can search multiple areas,
including combinations of keywords, years, and authors.
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 Library Searches – 2
Many of the articles you find will have the full text available
as a pdf document, but not always. This is one case where
Google Scholar (scholar.google.com) can be a useful tool.
Google Scholar indexes journal articles and you can often
find the full text of articles using Google Scholar (that may
not be available through the library site) by simply searching
the title of the article. Using this service from a computer
on campus (or if you are off campus, logging into the library
site first) will enable searches on additional databases.
While Google Scholar is another excellent search tool, it is
not citable itself. You may cite articles that you find via
Google Scholar, but you would not cite Google Scholar itself.
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 4. How to effectively
review journal articles

For research that focuses on development of new

methodology or theoretical contributions, a more
thorough reading of the paper is required. In this case,
the order should follow the paper
presentation: abstract, introduction, methodology,
results, and discussion. For these papers, the core
contribution relates to the new methods which are being
developed or theories that are being proposed. Any
relevant papers you initially skimmed through must be
read again more thoroughly.

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 How to effectively
review journal articles

Document Your Search!

As you read the articles, be sure to take notes about
each article. There are numerous ways to do this, and
you will eventually find a method that works best for
you. Some popular methods include:

I. Taking notes in your research notebook. This

allows you to have all of your notes in one place,
and you can read the article and take notes
anywhere.

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 II. a. Using a word processing or spread
sheet program to create a
"literature table". Some people use
this very effectively. You can create sections for
each article, such as bibliographic info, key
points, assumptions made, questions it raised
in your mind, and cited work that should be
read. Using an electronic format also allows
you to search your notes; it isn’t as easy trying
to recall the number of the page that contains
your notes in your research notebook.

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 II. B. However, you may not
always have access to a computer when you
are reading the article. This note taking
method is particularly useful when
preparing to write a literature review. It
allows a researcher to sort information
obtained in many papers chronologically
and topically. It also allows an individual to
recognize general trends in the
development of a body of research, making
organization of a literature review easy.
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 III. Many researchers also prefer to organize
their papers digitally. Several software programs
are available to accomplish this and are available
to students at reduced cost. These article organization
software programs allow a researcher to automatically
collect and store digital copies of papers in one easy to
search database. Many of them allow notes to be taken
and attached to PDF files. The programs allow the
grouping of papers into different categories, taking the
place of a literature table. They also keep track of the
bibliography information automatically and can interface
with word processing programs so that bibliographies and
in-text citation can be handled automatically when
writing. Some of the more popular scholarly article
organization programs are: [email protected]
 Program URL Platform
Endnote www.endnote.com PC/Mac
Sente Third Street Software Mac
Bookends www.sonnysoftware.com Mac
Papers www.papersapp.com/ PC/Mac
Reference Manager www.refman.com PC
ProCite www.procite.com PC
RefWorks www.refworks.com PC
Zotero www.zotero.org PC/Mac/Linux
JabRef jabref.sourceforge.net PC/Mac/Linux

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IV. Your lab may have a site license
for one or more of these pieces of
software, allowing you to install and
use them for free. Note that JabRef is
open source, and is therefore free.
There are also programs, such as
Aigaion which allow for the saving
and sharing of journal articles on a
server so a research group can easily
share papers.
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 V. For those of you who plan on
using LaTeX to write your papers,
you can make your notes in BibTeX. BibTeX
is a handy LaTeX add-in which allows you to
keep all of your bibliography information
and notes in one file, and then automa
tically reference them in your document. It
is flexible and allows you to format your
references easily according to the require
ments of different journals/conferences in
which you may want to publish your work.
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 VI. Structure
of
Journal Articles
1.Abstract
2.Introduction
3.Method / materials
4.Results
5.Discussion

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 05

Terima kasih
dan
Selamat belajar

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