3 4 Gender Based Violence MM 20.e

United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe
Developing Gender Statistics

Gender Based Violence
© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

United Nations

‘Any act of gender-based violence that

results in, or is likely to result in,
physical, sexual or psychological harm
or suffering to women, including threats
of violence, coercion or arbitrary
deprivation of liberty, whether occurring
in public or private life.’

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A broad range of acts occurring in the family:

Battering
Sexual abuse of female children
Dowry-related violence
Marital rape

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“ My husband slaps me, has sex with

me against my will and I have to conform.
Before being interviewed I didn't really
think about this. I thought this is only
natural. This is the way a husband
”
behaves.
Woman interviewed in Bangladesh during the WHO Multi-country Study

on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women

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“ So I take a blanket and I spend the

night with my children out in the cold
because he is hitting me too much. I have
to take the kids to stop him hitting them
too. I would go out in the fields and sleep
there all night. I have done that more than
ten times…
Woman interviewed in Peru during the WHO Multi-country Study on
Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women
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Rape Forced
Prostitution
Sexual
Abuse
Sexual
Harrassment
Trafficking
in Women

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Physical, sexual and

psychological violence
condoned by the state.
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Violence
a violation of women’s human rights
a cause and consequence of gender inequality
Against
a major cause of women’s ill health
a detriment to their well-being
Women
often a crime
a significant cost to the resources of the wider society

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Crime
Need for
Policies Health
Economic
well being Family
Education

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Percentage
Developing of women
16-70 who suffered physical
Gender Statistics
FACTS - ITALY 2006:
Gender
andBased Violence
sexual violence, Italy 2006
6,743,000 women have suffered physical or sexual violence
Rape or attempted
In the last 12rape
months 1,150,000 women have experienced violence
This one Sexual
out violence
of 20 women.
The highest prevalence rates are among the youngest.
3,5% ofPhysical
women violence
experienced sexual violence
and 2.7% experienced physical violence
Total violence, physical
and sexual
74,000 women suffered rape or attempted rape
0 5 10 15 only
20 in 25the last
30 12 months.
35
Life-time Last 12 months
Source: Report on violence and abuses against women inside

and outside the household year 2006, ISTAT
Women' s Safety Survey, Istat 2006

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Countries withStatistics
Developing Gender national-level data available for last 15 years
Gender
on Based assaults
physical Violence on women by a male partner - 37 countries
Albania Norway
Azerbaijan Republic of Moldova
Finland Romania
France Sweden
Georgia Switzerland
Germany Ukraine Australia
Canada Italy UK Cambodia
USA Lithuania China
India
Philippines
Colombia Haiti Republic of Korea
Egypt Samoa
Dominican Mexico
Republic Nicaragua
Ecuador Paraguay
El Salvador Peru
Guatemala Puerto-Rico Malawi
Honduras Uruguay South Africa
Zambia
Source: "In-depth Study on All Forms of Violence Against Women",
Report of the Secretary-General, 2006

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How can VAW be measured? - “Traditional official sources”

Police Statistics Types of crimes (VAW), Only reported crimes
information on victims Only physical and sexual
and offenders and their
relationship
Homicide Information on victims Only physical and sexual

and offenders and their
Statistics relationship
Court statistics Cases of VAW Only reported crimes

processed, conviction, Only physical and sexual

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Statistics
Gender Basedbased on reported cases heavily underestimate the level of violence.
Violence
Only about one in three women assaulted by partners report an assault to police.*
* 2004 Canadian General Survey on Victimisation

“
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If I protest I’ll be marked in

the society and then my
daughter wouldn’t be able to

get married…
If I voice my protest the
community will blame me for
not bearing it in silence. This
”
helplessness is a torture in
itself.
Woman, 43 years old, interviewed in Bangladesh during

the WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and
Domestic Violence Against Women.

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Surveys are a better tool to collect information

on violence against women.
Allow women to ask about their experiences on

violence without the need to officially report it

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Proportion of women that reported violence within a relationship in

the last 12 months in France
30
25
20
15
10
0
Verbal abuse Emotional Repeated Physical abuse Rape and other
blackmail psychological forced sexual acts
pressure
Source: Domenique Fougeyrollas-Schwebel, 2000 Enveff Survey

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Good Questionnaire Design
• Carefully choose wording and the number of questions

• Ask about experiences with violence in behavioural terms
• Provide opportunities for disclosure
• Avoid single questions

Image: www.indiaCLEN.org
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Good Questionnaire Design
During the past five years, has your partner:
1. threatened you with his/her fist or anything else that could have hurt you?
2. thrown anything at you that could have hurt you?
3. pushed, grabbed or shoved you in a way that could have hurt you?
4. slapped you?
5. kicked, bitten, or hit you with his/her fist?
6. hit you with something that could have hurt you?
7. beaten you?
8. choked you?
9. used or threatened to use a gun or knife on you?
10. forced you into any unwanted sexual activity by threatening you,
holding you down, or hurting you in some way?
Source: Measuring VAW: Statistical Trends 2006, Statistics Canada

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Five-year and one-year rates of spousal violence in

Canada, 1993, 1999 and 2004
14
12
12
10
8
1993
8 7
1999
6
2004
4 3 3
2
2
0
5 year 1 year
Sources:Statistics Canada, Violence Against Women Survey 1993; General
Social Survey on Victimisation 1999 and 2004

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Partner violence against women according to different definitions derived

from behavioural actions in Spain, 2002
TOTAL 13.1
Physical violence 2
Sexual violence 3.9
Psychological violence: control 3
Psychological violence: yelling 7.6
Source: G. Meil, Elaboration of the Microdata Provided by the Instituto de la Mujer, Survey of Domestic
Violence against Women, Madrid, 2002

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Perpetrators of physical violence against women, Germany, 2004
Perpetrators
Developing of physical
Gender Statistics violence against women, Germany, 2004
Professional
caregivers,
professional
Friends, helpers, others
3.4 Unknown persons
acquaintances, 19.5
neighbours
11.8
Casual acquaintances
10.8
Family members
30.1
Acquaintances from
work, training or school
15.8
Partners, former
partners, lovers
Source: 50.2
Health, Well-Being and Personal Safety of Women in Germany,
A Representative Study of Violence against Women in Germany,
Federal Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens,
Women and Youth, Germany, 2004

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Gender
Impacts Based Violenceof spousal assaults
and consequences Impacts and consequences of spousal assaults
on women, Canada, 2004 on women, Canada, 2004
Injured 44 Upset / confused 37
Fearful 30
Feared for her life 34
Depressed / anxious 21
Needed to take time off daily

29 Lowered self-esteem 17
activities
Sleeping problems 15
More than 10 separate incidents 21
Shame / guilt 12
Received medical attention 13

Afraid for children 9
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Percent Percent
Refers to violence over the previous five years.

Source: Statistics Canada, General Social Survey on Victimization 2004

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“ I suffered a long time and swallowed

my pain. That is why I am constantly
visiting doctors and using medicines.
”
No one should have to do this.
Woman interviewed in Serbia & Montenegro during the WHO Multi-country

Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence Against Women

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“ I don’t feel well and I just cry. There are

times that I want to be dead. I even
thought of killing myself or poisoning
myself and my kids, because I think if I
have suffered that much, how much would
”
my kids suffer if I am no longer there…
Woman interviewed in Peru during the WHO Multi-country Study on Women’s Health
and Domestic Violence Against Women

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http://www.who.int/gender/violence/en/womenfirtseng.pdf

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Percentages
Gender of allViolence
Based women and currently
Ad-Hoc modules married
for women (agesurveys:
ongoing 15-49) reporting violence
(Source: Demographic and Health surveys, Kishor, 2004)
• A full instrument has to be added

Spousal to the
violence
By anyone
on-going survey and not only a limited
Country ever Ever Past year
number of questions
Cambodia 23 18 15
Colombia 41
• The safety of women 44
is not to be -
Dom. Rep.compromised
17 22 11
Egypt 35 34 13
Haiti • The on-going
35 survey should
29 deal 21
India with similar
21 topics 19 10
Kenya 49 47 28
Nicaragua 33 30 13
Peru 53 42 -
Zambia 59 48 27

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Increased Attention and Commitment to tackle Gender Violence

• Standard indicators to measure violence against women
• Encourage national statistical offices to have a more active role in
collecting and disseminating statistics in this area.
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United Nations

Edited by:
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe - Statistics Division
World Bank Institute - Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Division
Concept & Production:

World Bank Institute - Multimedia Center
Photo Credits:
Dr. Henrica A.F.M. Jansen
UNIFEM
DAW
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
UNAIDS
UNFPA
RAWA
IndiaCLEN

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United Nations

Economic Commission for Europe

Developing Gender Statistics

Developing Gender Statistics

Gender Based Violence

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

‘Any act of gender-based violence that

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

A broad range of acts occurring in the family:

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

“ My husband slaps me, has sex with

Woman interviewed in Bangladesh during the WHO Multi-country Study

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

“ So I take a blanket and I spend the

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

Physical, sexual and

Developing Gender Statistics

a cause and consequence of gender inequality

a detriment to their well-being

a significant cost to the resources of the wider society

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Life-time Last 12 months

Source: Report on violence and abuses against women inside

Women' s Safety Survey, Istat 2006

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

How can VAW be measured? - “Traditional official sources”

Homicide Information on victims Only physical and sexual

Court statistics Cases of VAW Only reported crimes

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

* 2004 Canadian General Survey on Victimisation

If I protest I’ll be marked in

daughter wouldn’t be able to

Woman, 43 years old, interviewed in Bangladesh during

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

Surveys are a better tool to collect information

Allow women to ask about their experiences on

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

Proportion of women that reported violence within a relationship in

Source: Domenique Fougeyrollas-Schwebel, 2000 Enveff Survey

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

• Carefully choose wording and the number of questions

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved

Developing Gender Statistics

Source: Measuring VAW: Statistical Trends 2006, Statistics Canada

© 2007 The World Bank Group, UNECE, All Rights reserved