The document discusses cell geometry and frequency reuse in cellular network design. It describes how hexagonal cell shapes are typically used due to efficient tessellation and approximating circular coverage areas. Frequency reuse allows the same frequencies to be used in different clusters of cells by ensuring sufficient distance between co-channel cells to limit interference.
The document discusses cell geometry and frequency reuse in cellular network design. It describes how hexagonal cell shapes are typically used due to efficient tessellation and approximating circular coverage areas. Frequency reuse allows the same frequencies to be used in different clusters of cells by ensuring sufficient distance between co-channel cells to limit interference.
The document discusses cell geometry and frequency reuse in cellular network design. It describes how hexagonal cell shapes are typically used due to efficient tessellation and approximating circular coverage areas. Frequency reuse allows the same frequencies to be used in different clusters of cells by ensuring sufficient distance between co-channel cells to limit interference.
The document discusses cell geometry and frequency reuse in cellular network design. It describes how hexagonal cell shapes are typically used due to efficient tessellation and approximating circular coverage areas. Frequency reuse allows the same frequencies to be used in different clusters of cells by ensuring sufficient distance between co-channel cells to limit interference.
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Cell geometry: For systematic system design and
adaptation to future needs, a regular shape is needed.
•Typically Hexagonal shape used for(Analysis)representing a cell in planning layouts of Cellular s/m design. Reasons: 1. Tessellation (i.e, shape covering with no gap and no overlap b/w cells) of the geographical area is required. 2. For a given distance b/w the centre of a polygon (BS) and its farthest perimeter points, Hexagon has largest area among Triangle, Square and Hexagon (,so as to ensure less # of cells required in an area i.e, cost factor). 3. Moreover, it approximates ideal circular radiation pattern (that occurs from omnidirectional antenna) without any overlap Cell Geometry contd.., • Actual radio coverage of a cell is known as footprint. This is Random in nature ( & determined from field measurements and propagation prediction models). • Circular shape(ideal power coverage area: Isotropic antenna) not preferred since it results either gap or overlap b/w cells
• With Hexagonal cell model, BS can be in the centre
of cell (so called center-excited cells) or on the vertices of cell (so called Edge-excited cells). • center-excited cells : Omnidirectional antennas • Edge-excited cells : Directional antennas Frequency reuse: • Total geographical area is divided into several clusters (Each cluster is a group of N cells). • Total available channels (frequencies) are allocated to each cluster in a given geographical area i.e, same frequencies are reused in different clusters of given area • “Spatially reuse of frequency in same geographical area” is one of the main feature of Cellular system. • Each Cell (BS) is allocated a group of radio channels from total available channels. • The adjacent cells are assigned with different group of channels then neighboring cells. • Same group of channels can be reused in different cells, of different clusters, that are separated by minimum distance to keep interference in tolerable limit. • co-channel cells: cells with same group of channels. Frequency reuse contd.., • Let S be the total available full duplex channels for a cellular system (i.e, for a service provider / operator) • S channels are allocated to N cells of a cluster, N is called as frequency reuse pattern or cluster size. • Each cell of a cluster gets K channels. S=KN • If M such cluster replications are there in the system (i.e, in a given serving geographical area of operator) then, • Total # of simultaneous calls in system or # of duplex channels in system or capacity of system is C = MKN= MS Observation: System capacity is proportional to M (# of cluster replications in a given area) Frequency reuse contd.., • Typically spectrum allocated a operator is limited, bcz limited spectrum available for RADIO transmission. • So, total # of channel available in system is considered to be fixed(some finite value). • with constant cell size, If N is smaller, M will be larger implies more capacity. • Note: Smaller N implies co-channel cells are nearer (more Co-channel interference (CCI).) • If N is larger, M will be smaller implies less capacity C • Note: Larger N implies co-channel cells are far apart (smaller level of CCI). • TRADE OFF b/w capacity and CCI. Frequency reuse contd.., • From design point of view, Capacity is to be maximized in a given coverage area (i.e, to serve more users with simultaneous calls) with tolerable interference. So, smaller value of N is desirable with tolerable CCI target. • Frequency reuse factor (1/N): what factor of total available channels of system are allocated to each cell. • How to identify co-channel cells? • If N=i2+j2+ij ; where i and j are non-negative integers, 1. From own (considered) cell, move i cells any direction along centers of cells 2. Turn 60 degrees counter clockwise 3. Move j cells along centers of hexagons Q: For fixed N, Increasing the cell size --increases cluster size– but reduces M # of cluster repeati…– decreases C • Fundamental principle to any WC system: • As the demand for service increases (i.e, as more channels are needed within a particular market), the # of BS may be increased (i.e, increase the # of cells, along with corresponding decrease in transmit power to avoid interference). • This ensures increase in radio capacity(# of subscribers) with no additional increase in radio spectrum, by frequency reuse in an area.