In Sunny Spain

(1882-1885)
 Government of Spain was a
Constitutional monarchy under a
written constitutionwhich granted
human rights to the people, particularly
freedom of speech, freedom of the
press, and freedom of assembly.

“secret mission”—was to observe keenly the life and culture,

languages and customs, industries and commerce, and
government and laws of the European nations in order to prepare
himself in the mighty task of liberating his oppressed people from
Spanish tyranny.
 Departure for Spain
*Rizal’s secret departure was kept secret to avoid detection by the
spanish authorities and friars.

*Only his older brother(Paciano), his Uncle(Antonio Rivera, father

of Leonor Rivera), his sisters(Neneng and Lucia), the Valenzuela
Family(Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday and their daughter
Orang), Pedro A. Paterno, his compadre Mateo Evangelista, the
Ateneo Jesuit fathers and some intimate friends, including
Chengoy (Jose M. Cecilio).
 *He used the name Jose Mercado, a cousin from Binan.

*Before his secret departure, he wrot a farewell letter to his

beloved parents and anpther one for his sweetheart Leonor
Rivera-both delivered shortly after he sailed away.

*May 3, 1882- Rizal departed on board the Spanish steamer

Salvadora bound for Singapore
Spanish Steamer Salvadora
 Singapore
*During the voyage to singapore he carefully observed the people
and things on board the steamer.

* There were sixteen passengers, including himself-”five or six

ladies, many children, and the rest gentlemen. He was the only
Filipino, the rest were Spaniards, British, and Indian Negroes.
 · Donato Lecha- the ship captain from
Asturias, Spain befriended Rizal
-Rizal described him as an affable man,
“much more refined than his other
countrymen and colleagues that I have
met.”
· Rizal played chess with his fellow
passengers who were much older than he
· May 8, 1882- while the steamer was approaching Singapore, Rizal
saw a beautiful island, fascinated by its scenic beauty, he
remembered “Talim Island with the Susong Dalaga”
· May 9, 1882- the Salvadora docked at Singapore
· Hotel de la Paz- Rizal registered here and spent two days on a
sightseeing soiree of the city, which was a colony of England
He saw the famous Botanical Garden the busy shopping
district
the beautiful Buddhist Temples, and the Sir Thomas Stanford
Raffles(founder of Singapore).
 FROM SINGAPORE TO COLOMBO
· In Singapore, Rizal transferred to another ship Djemnah, a French
steamer, which left Singapore for
Europe on May 11, 1882

· May 17, 1882- Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seacoast town in southern
Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)
 -Rizal was enamoured by Colombo because of its scenic beauty
and elegant buildings
-“Colombo is more beautiful, smart and elegant than Singapore,
Point Galle and Manila”
 · Aden- city hotter than Manila
-Rizal was amused to see the camels, for the first time
· City of Suez- the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal
-Rizal was impressed in the beautiful moonlight which reminded
him of Calamba and his family
· Suez Canal- canal which built by
Ferdinand de Lesseps (French
diplomat-engineer) which was
inaugurated on November 17,
1869
· Port Said- the Mediterranean
terminal of the Suez Canal
 -Rizal was amused to see the camels, for the first time
· City of Suez- the Red Sea terminal of the Suez Canal
-Rizal was impressed in the beautiful moonlight which reminded
him of Calamba and his family
· Suez Canal- canal which built by
Ferdinand de Lesseps (French
diplomat-engineer) which was
inaugurated on November 17,
1869
· Port Said- the Mediterranean
terminal of the Suez Canal
 NAPLES AND MARSEILLES
· June 11, 1882- Rizal reached Naples
-Rizal was pleased on this Italian city because of its business
activity, its lively people, and its panoramic beauty
· Night of June 12, 1882- the steamer docked at the French harbor
of Marseilles

· Rizal visited the famous

Chateau d’If, where Dantes,
hero of the Count of Monte
Cristo, was imprisoned
· Rizal stayed two and a half
days in Marseilles
 BARCELONA
· Afternoon of May 15, 1882- Rizal left Marseilles by train for the
last lap of his trip to Spain
· Rizal crossed the Pyrenees and stopped for a day at the frontier
town of Port Bou
June 16, 1882- Rizal finally reached his
destination—Barcelona
· Rizal’s first impression of Barcelona, the
greatest city of Cataluña and Spain’s
second largest city, was unfavorable
· Las Ramblas- the most famous street in
Barcelona
· Amor Patrio (Love of Country)- nationalistic essay, Rizal’s
first article written on Spain’s soil
-under his pen-name Laong Laan, appeared in print in
Diariong Tagalog on August 20, 1882
-it was published in two texts—Spanish and Tagalog—the
Spanish text was the one originally written by Rizal in
Barcelona, the tagalog text was a Tagalog translation made
by M.H. del Pilar
 · Basilio Teodoro Moran- a friend of Rizal in Manila and the
publisher of Diariong Tagalog where Rizal
sent this article
· Diariong Tagalog- the first Manila bilingual newspaper (Spanish
and Tagalog)
· Los Viajes (Travels)- Rizal’s second article for Diariong Tagalog
· Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)- Rizal’s third article written
in Madrid on November 29, 1882 but returned to him because the
Diariong Tagalog had ceased publication for lack of funds
 Manila Moves to Madrid
· Rizal received sad news about the cholera that was ravaging
Manila and the provinces according to
Paciano’s letter, dated September 15, 1882
· Another sad news from the Philippines was the chatty letter of
Chengoy recounting the unhappiness of Leonor Rivera.
· In one of his letters (dated May 26, 1882), Paciano advised his
younger brother to finish the medical
course in Madrid
· Rizal left Barcelona in the fall of 1882 and established himself in
Madrid, the capital of Spain
 Life in Madrid
November 3, 1882, Rizal enrolledin the Universidad
Central de Madrid (Cental University of Madrid) in two
courses- medicine and Philospophy and Letters.
He studied painting and sculpture in the Academy of
Fine Arts of San Fernando; took lessons in French,
German, and English under private instructors, and
assiduously practiced fencing and shooting in the Hall of
Arms of Sanz y Carbonell.
 Romance with Conseulo
Ortega y Perez
*Rizal was not a handsome man. In Physique,
he was neither dashing nor imposing, for he
was a shy small man-a few inches about five
feet in height. But he possessed an aura of
charisma due to his splendored talents and
noble character which made him attractive to
romantic young women. No wonder the
prettier of Don Pablo’s daughters(Consuelo)
fell in love with him.
 *He even composed a lovely poem on August 22, 1883
entitled A La Senora, he expressed his admiration for her.

*However, before his romance with Consuelo could blossom

into a serious affair, he suddenly backed out for two
reasons:

1. He was still engaged to Leonor Rivera

2.His friend and co-worker in the Propaganda Movement,
Eduardo de Letewas madly in love with Consuelo and he had
no wish to break their friendshipbecause of a pretty girl.
 They Ask Me For Verses
In 1882 shortly after his arrival in Madrid, Rizal joined the
Circulo Hispano-Filipino (Hispano-Philippine Circle), a
society of Spaniards and Filipinos. Upon the request of the
members of this society, he wrote a poem entitled “Me
Piden Versos” They ask me for Verses which he personally
declaimed during the New Year’s Eve reception of the
Madrid Filipinos held in the evening of December 31, 1882.
 Rizal as Lover of Books
*A favorite pastime of Rizal in Madrid was reading.
*He purchased books from a second-hand book store owned
by a certain Senor Roses.
*He was able to build a fair-sized private library.
 Rizal’s First Visit to Paris(1883)
During his first Summer Vacation in Madrid Rizal went to Paris,
sojourning in this gay capital of France from June 17 to August 20
1883. At firstRizal was billeted at the Hotel de Paris on 37 Rue de
Maubange; later, he moved to a cheaper hotel on 124 Rue de
Rennes in the Latin Quarter, where it was cheaper to live
 Rizal as a Mason
In Spain Rizal came in close contact with
prominent spanish liberal and republican
spaniards, who were mostly masons,
includingMiguel Morayta, Francisco Pi y
Margal, Manuel Becerra, Emilio Junoy and Juan
Ruiz Zorilla.
March 1883, he joined the Masonic lodged
called Acacia in Madrid.
 Later he transfered to Lodge Solidaridad (Madrid), where he
bacame as a Master Mason on November 15, 1890. Still later, on
February 15, 1892, he was awarded the diploma as a Master
mason by Le Grand Orient de France in Paris
 Financial Worries
Because of drought and locust the harvest of
rice and sugarcane failed in Calamba. On June 24, 1884
because Rizal was broke, he was unable to eat his meals for
the day.He attended his class in the university with an empty
stomach.Rizal even participated in a Greek language contest
and won the gold medal.Fortunately, in the evening, Rizal
was the guest speaker at banquet held in honor of Juan Luna
and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo, where Rizal
was able to eat dinner.
 Salute to Luna and Hidalgo
National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid
-1884 The Filipino community in Spain sponsored a
banquet to celebrate the double victory of the
Filipino artist in the National Exposition of Fine Arts in Madrid.
Juan Luna, with his Spoliarium won the first prize.
Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo won the second prize with his Christian
Virgins Exposed to the PopulaceSalute to Luna and HidalgoRizal in
his speech, saluted Luna and Hidalgo as two glories for Spain and
the Philippines, whose artistic achievements transcended
geographical frontiers and racial origins.In Rizal’s speech, he said
genius is universal.“Genius knows no country, genius sprouts
everwhere, genius is like light, air, the patrimony
of everybody, cosmopolitan like space, like life, like God.”
 Rizal Involved in Student
Demonstrations N

November 22, 1884 the city of Madrid exploded in bloody

riots by the students of Unibersidad Central de Madrid.Dr.
Miguel Morayta, professor of history, at the opening
ceremonies of the academic year proclaimed the “freedom of
science and the teacher.”
Studies Completed in Spain
*Rizal completed his medical course in Spain.
*He was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine
by the Universidad Centarl de Madridon June 21, 1884.
*The next academic year (1884-85) he studied and
passed all subjects leading to the degree of Doctor and
Medicine.
*However, he did not present the thesis required for the
graduationnor paid the corresponding fees, he was not
awarded his Doctor’s diploma.
 By obtaining a degree in Philosophy and Letters,
Rizal became qualified to be a professor of
humanities in any Spanish university.He did not bother to
secure the post-graduate degree of Doctor of Medicine
because it was also good only for teaching.Rizal knew,
however, that with his brown color and Asian racial
ancestry no friar-owned university or college in the
Philippines would accept him in its faculty staff.