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    Making An Exposure Chart: Garry D. Lasaga

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    Garry Lasaga
    The document discusses the key factors that determine an x-ray exposure: 1. Kilovoltage (kV) controls penetration and contrast - higher kV provides deeper penetration but lower contrast, while lower kV gives higher contrast but less penetration. The correct kV depends on the thickness and density of the area of interest. 2. Milliampere seconds (mAs) controls density/blackness but not penetration. Increasing mAs darkens the image but does not help penetrate thick/dense areas. 3. KV and mAs must be balanced - increasing one requires decreasing the other to maintain a similar exposure. Exposure is also affected by time, so a high kV may

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    Making An Exposure Chart: Garry D. Lasaga

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    Garry Lasaga
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    The document discusses the key factors that determine an x-ray exposure: 1. Kilovoltage (kV) controls penetration and contrast - higher kV provides deeper penetration but lower contrast, while lower kV gives higher contrast but less penetration. The correct kV depends on the thickness and density of the area of interest. 2. Milliampere seconds (mAs) controls density/blackness but not penetration. Increasing mAs darkens the image but does not help penetrate thick/dense areas. 3. KV and mAs must be balanced - increasing one requires decreasing the other to maintain a similar exposure. Exposure is also affected by time, so a high kV may

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    This deals with the techniques in making exposure charts in veterinary medicine.

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    Making Exposure Chart

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    The document discusses the key factors that determine an x-ray exposure: 1. Kilovoltage (kV) controls penetration and contrast - higher kV provides deeper penetration but lower contrast, while lower kV gives higher contrast but less penetration. The correct kV depends on the thickness and density of the area of interest. 2. Milliampere seconds (mAs) controls density/blackness but not penetration. Increasing mAs darkens the image but does not help penetrate thick/dense areas. 3. KV and mAs must be balanced - increasing one requires decreasing the other to maintain a similar exposure. Exposure is also affected by time, so a high kV may

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    81 views23 pages

    Making An Exposure Chart: Garry D. Lasaga

    Uploaded by

    Garry Lasaga
    The document discusses the key factors that determine an x-ray exposure: 1. Kilovoltage (kV) controls penetration and contrast - higher kV provides deeper penetration but lower contrast, while lower kV gives higher contrast but less penetration. The correct kV depends on the thickness and density of the area of interest. 2. Milliampere seconds (mAs) controls density/blackness but not penetration. Increasing mAs darkens the image but does not help penetrate thick/dense areas. 3. KV and mAs must be balanced - increasing one requires decreasing the other to maintain a similar exposure. Exposure is also affected by time, so a high kV may

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    of 23

    MAKING AN EXPOSURE CHART

    GARRY D. LASAGA
    KVp
     A high voltage current, measured in kV is required
    to speed the electrons from cathode to anode.
     The higher the kV, the greater the energy released
    when they hit the target.
     High kV has x-rays of short wavelength and greater
    penetration.
    KVp
     The denser the area to be x-rayed, the higher the
    kV needs to be:
     i.e. Horse pelvis – use high kV (approx. 120 kV),
    cat’s pelvis – use low kV (approx 55 kV).
    mA
     Duringexposure the current across the tube is
    measured in milliamperes and depends upon the
    number of electrons crossing from cathode to
    anode.
     Thisis directly related to the current supplied to
    heat the filament.
    mA
     When you change the mA, you alter the
    temperature of the filament and the number of
    electrons released (thermionic emission).
     Theamount of x-rays produced during exposure is
    also dependent on the length of time of the
    exposure.
    mA
     mA controls the blackness on a radiograph BUT an
    increase in mAs will not darken an area that is not
    penetrated.
     Ifthe ROI anatomy is white on the radiograph or
    you can not see the bony detail (trabeculae) then it
    essential that you increase the kV.
    kV & mA
     kV and mA are inter-related - they are inversely
    proportional.
     Ifyou increase one you must reduce the other to
    achieve a similar radiograph.
    kV & mA & time
    A radiographic image is a result of a compromise
    between the kV, mA and time.
     Thisis made obvious in some of the small portables
    used in vet practice that have the kV and mA on
    the same control.
    kV & mA & time
    A high kV is linked with a low mA.
     So if a high kV is needed for penetration, and
    a high mAs is needed for density then a
    longer time setting is needed to achieve the
    necessary mAs.
    Summary of Exposure
    Factors

    GARRY D. LASAGA
    kV
     The correct kV must be chosen for the thickness
    and density of the area of interest eg, the thorax
    and abdomen may be the same thickness, but the
    density of the areas is quite different – air-filled
    lungs as opposed to soft organ structures of the
    abdomen.
     The kV is mainly responsible for penetration and for
    radiographic contrast.
    kV
     If the kV is low the radiograph will have high a
    contrast; which is needed when viewing bones in
    extremities.
     Using low kV results in a radiograph that has high
    contrast.
     That means that there is a large difference between
    adjacent grey shades and a fewer number of shades
    from the black to white (short latitude).
    kV
     Withshort scale latitude, only a few tissue densities
    can be evaluated.
     Thatworks very well when extremity examinations are
    done.
     The ROI is usually limited to evaluating bone & joint
    detail for pathology or to soft tissue muscle for possible
    foreign bodies, etc.
    kV
     Higher kV levels are required to penetrate body
    parts that are of greater thickness or density.
     High
    kV provides a radiograph with a lower contrast
    image (more shades of grey with less difference
    between them).
    kV
    A larger range of tissues can be evaluated because
    there is longer latitude.
     HigherkV is necessary to visualise a longer range
    of shades of grey (long latitude) for chest and
    abdominal radiographs.
    mA
     Responsible only for the density or blackening of
    the film.
     Ifthe region of interest appears white, and no bony
    detail can be seen the radiograph is
    underpenetrated (too little kV).
     Increasing the mAs will not penetrate the part!
    mA
     If the mAs is too low (underexposed) the
    background of the radiograph may appear pale
    grey rather than black because to few photons
    have reached the film.
     If the anatomy is penetrated; (a shade of grey)
    then an increase in mAs will achieve a darker
    image.
    mA
     Ittakes a 30% change in mAs to make a significant
    change of an image.
     If the mAs is too high, the background will be very
    black & dense but the bone cortex bone will still be
    visible.
    Rule of Thumb (mAs)
     2X mAs doubles the density on the radiograph
     2X the mAs also doubles the patient dose
    Rule of Thumb (kV)
     + 15% kV is equivalent to + mAs X2
     i.e. if you add 15% to kV the radiographic density will
    double
    (remember changing the kV also changes the radiographic
    contrast)
     e.g: to keep the same film density:
     If you use 65 kV and 20 mAs; then if you use 75 kv you‟d
    use 10mAs
    OVERPENETRATION:
    kV TOO HIGH

    The effect of increasing the kV


    (penetration) & keeping the
    mAs constant

    (the cortex of the bone is


    “burnt out”)

    Remember: changing the kV


    also changes the radiographic
    contrast
    OVEREXPOSURE:
    TOO MUCH mAs

    The effect on film blackening of


    altering the
    mAs and keeping the kV constant

    (note that the cortex is still


    apparent even though the
    radiograph is too dark)

    Remember: mAs does not effect


    penetration
    Intensity
     s

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