Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Elementary Fluid Dynamics –

The Bernoulli Equation
Outline
• Introduction
• Newton’s Second Law
• Along a Streamline
• Normal to a Streamline
• Physical Interpretation
• Static, Stagnation, Dynamic and Total
Pressure
• Use of the Bernoulli Equation
• Examples
3.1 Newton’s Second Law
(a) Flow in the x-y plane. (b) flow in terms of streamline

and normal coordinates.
(a) Flow in the x-y plane. (b) flow in terms of streamline

and normal coordinates.
(b) Streamline past an airfoil

(a) Flow in the x-y plane.
Isolation of a small fluid particle in a flow field.

3.2 F = ma along the Streamline
Free-body diagram of a fluid particle for which the

important forces are those due to pressure and gravity.
3.2 F = ma along the Streamline
Free-body diagram of a fluid particle for which the

important forces are those due to pressure and gravity.
Consider the inviscid, incompressible, steady flow
along the horizontal streamline A-B in front of the
sphere of radius a. From a more advanced theory of
flow past a sphere, the fluid velocity along this
streamline is
 a 
3
V  V0  1  3 
 x 
 
Determine the pressure variation along the streamline

from point A far in front of the sphere (xA = - ∞ and VA
= V0 ) to point B on the sphere (xB = - a and VB = 0 ).
 a3 
V  V0  1  3 
 x 
 
xA = - ∞ and VA = V0
xB = - a and VB = 0
x = -1.205 a
Consider the flow of air around a bicyclist moving
through still with velocity V0. Determine the
difference in the pressure between points (1) and (2).
Shown in Fig. are two flow fields with circular
streamlines. The velocity distributions are
V (r )  V0 / r0  r for case (a)
V (r ) 
Vr
0 0
for case (b)
r
Where V0 is the velocity at r = r0. Determine the pressure
distribution, p=p(r), for each, given that p = po at r = ro
p V 2

r r
p
  V0 / r0  r
2
For case (a) this gives
r
1

p  p0  V0  r / r0   1
2
2 2

p  V0 r0 
2
For case (b) this gives 

2r r 3
1   r0  
p  p0  V0 1    
2
2  r 
Free Vortex
Consider the flow of water from the syringe. A force
applied to the plunger will produce a pressure greater
than atmospheric at point (1) within the syringe.
Consider the inviscid, incompressible, steady flow.
From section A to B the streamlines are straight, while
from C to D they follow circular path. Describe the
pressure variation between points (1) and (2) and
points (3) and (4).
The fluid velocity along the horizontal dividing
streamline (- ∞ ≤ x ≤ - a) is found to be
V = V0 (1+a/x), where a is the radius of curvature of
the front of the object and V0 is the upstream velocity.
(a) Determine the pressure gradient along this
streamline.
(b) If the upstream pressure is P0, integrate the
pressure gradient to obtain the pressure P(x) for
-∞≤x≤-a.
(c) Show from the result of part (b) that the pressure
at the stagnation point (x = - a ) is P0+ρV02/2 , as
expected from the Bernoulli equation.
V  V0 (1  a / x)
(a) Determine the pressure gradient along this streamline.

(b) If the upstream pressure is P0, integrate the pressure
gradient to obtain the pressure P(x) for - ∞ ≤ x ≤ -a .
(c) Show from the result of part (b) that the pressure at
the stagnation point (x = -a ) is P0+ρV02/2 , as
expected from the Bernoulli equation.
Water flows around he vertical 2-D bend with
circular streamline and constant velocity. If the
pressure is 40 kPa at point (1), determine the
pressures at points (2) and (3). Assume that the
velocity profile is uniform as indicated.
It can be shown if viscous and gravitational effects
are neglected, the fluid velocity along the surface of a
circular cylinder of radius ‘a’ is V = 2V0 sinθ, where
V0 is the upstream velocity and S = aθ is the distance
measured along the streamline that coincides with the
cylinder. For a fluid of density ρ, determine the
pressure gradient in the radial direction on the surface
of the cylinder. Assume the axis of the cylinder is
vertical.
p / r  ?
3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamics, and Total Pressure
Measurement of static and stagnation pressures.

Stagnation points on bodies in flowing fluids.
The Pitot-static tube
Airplane Pitot-static probe
Airplane Pitot-static probe
Incorrect and correct design of static pressure taps
Typical pressure distribution along a Pitot-static tube

Yaw angles up to 12-20o give results that are less
than 1% in error from the perfectly aligned results.
  29.5o
Cross section of a directional-

finding Pitot-static tube
3.6. Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation
3.6.1 Free Jets
Vertical flow from a tank.

3.6.1 Free Jets
Horizontal flow Vena contracta

from a tank. effect for a sharp-
edged orifice.
Typical flow patterns and contraction
coefficients for various round exit configurations
3.6.2 Confined Flows
Flow through a syringe
Steady flow into and out of a tank

(Q) A stream of refreshing beverage of diameter
d = 0.01 m flows steadily from the cooler of
diameter D = 0.2 m. Determine the flow rate, Q,
from the bottle if the depth of beverage in the cooler
remains constant at h = 0.2 m.
2 gh / 1   d / D  
4
Q V 1
 2
 
Q V 2 gh 1   d / D  
4
 
o 2 D 
With 0 < d/D < 0.4 it follows that 1< Q/Qo ≤ 1.01, and
the error in assuming V1 = 0 is less than 1%. For this
example with d/D = 0.01/0.20 = 0.05 , it follows that
Q/Qo= 1.000003. Thus it is often reasonable to assume
V1 = 0.
(Q) Air flows steadily from a tank, through a hose of
diameter D = 0.03 m, and exits to the atmosphere
from a nozzle of diameter d = 0.01 m. The pressure
in the tank remains constant at 3.0 kPa(gage) and the
atmospheric conditions are standard temperature and
pressure. Determine the flow rate and the pressure in
the hose.
(Q) Water flows through a pipe reducer. The static
pressures at (1) and (2) are measured by the inverted
U-tube manometer containing oil of specific gravity,
SG, less than one. Determine the manometer reading,
h.
• In general, an increase in velocity is
accompanied by a decrease in pressure. If the
differences in velocity are considerable, the
differences in pressure can also be considerable.
• For flows of gases, this may introduce
compressibility effects
• For flows of liquids, this may result in cavitation
when the liquid pressure is reduced to the vapour
pressure.
• For water, Pv = 101.3 kPa (abs) at 100oc and Pv =
4.243 kPa at 30oC.
Pressure variation and cavitation in a variable area pipe.
Tip cavitation from a propeller
(Q) A liquid can be siphoned from a container.
Determine the maximum height of the hill, H, over
which the water can be siphoned without cavitation
occurring. The vapor pressure of water at 15oC is
1.765 kPa (abs).
1.5 m
3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement
Typical devices for measuring flowrate in pipes.

Sluice gate geometry
The contraction coefficient, Cc = z2/a, less than one.
Typically Cc is approximately 0.61 over the depth ratio
range 0 < a/z1 < 0.2. For large values of a/z1, the value of
Cc increases rapidly.
Rectangular, sharp-crested weir geometry
(Q) Water flows over a triangular weir as shown in
figure. Based on a simple analysis using the
Bernoulli equation, determine the dependence of
the flowrate on the depth H. If the flowrate is Q0
when H=H0, estimate the flowrate when depth is
increased to H=3H0.
3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line
Representation of the energy line and

the hydraulic grade line
The energy line and hydraulic grade line
for flow from a tank
Use of the energy line and the hydraulic
grade line.
A small hole is found in the hose at location (1) as
indicated. When the siphon is used, will water leak
out of the hose, or will air leak into the hose?

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Chapter 3

Elementary Fluid Dynamics –

(a) Flow in the x-y plane. (b) flow in terms of streamline

(a) Flow in the x-y plane. (b) flow in terms of streamline

(b) Streamline past an airfoil

Isolation of a small fluid particle in a flow field.

Free-body diagram of a fluid particle for which the

Free-body diagram of a fluid particle for which the

Determine the pressure variation along the streamline

For case (b) this gives 

(a) Determine the pressure gradient along this streamline.

Measurement of static and stagnation pressures.

Typical pressure distribution along a Pitot-static tube

Cross section of a directional-

Vertical flow from a tank.

Horizontal flow Vena contracta

Flow through a syringe

Steady flow into and out of a tank

Typical devices for measuring flowrate in pipes.

Representation of the energy line and

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