CprE 281:

Digital Logic

Instructor: Alexander Stoytchev

http://www.ece.iastate.edu/~alexs/classes/
D Flip-Flops

CprE 281: Digital Logic

Iowa State University, Ames, IA
Copyright © Alexander Stoytchev
 Administrative Stuff
• The second midterm is next week.

• No homework is due next week.

• You’ll still have labs though 

 Administrative Stuff
• Midterm Exam #2

• When: Monday October 28.

• Where: This classroom

• What: Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.1-5.4

• The exam will be open book and open notes (you

can bring up to 3 pages of handwritten notes).
 Midterm 2: Format

• The exam will be out of 130 points

• You need 95 points to get an A

• It will be great if you can score more than 100 points.

 but you can’t roll over your extra points 
 Midterm 2: Topics
• Binary Numbers and Hexadecimal Numbers
• 1’s complement and 2’s complement representation
• Addition and subtraction of binary numbers
• Circuits for adders and fast adders

• Single and Double precision IEEE floating point formats

• Converting a real number to the IEEE format
• Converting a floating point number to base 10

• Multiplexers (circuits and function)

• Synthesis of logic functions using multiplexers
• Shannon’s Expansion Theorem
 Midterm 2: Topics
• Decoders (circuits and function)
• Demultiplexers
• Encoders (binary and priority)
• Code Converters
• K-maps for 2, 3, and 4 variables

• Synthesis of logic circuits using adders, multiplexers,

encoders, decoders, and basic logic gates
• Synthesis of logic circuits given constraints on the
available building blocks that you can use

• Latches (circuits, behavior, timing diagrams)

• Flip-Flops (circuits, behavior, timing diagrams)
Quick Review
A simple memory element with NOT Gates

x x x

[ Figure 5.2 from the textbook ]

A simple memory element with NAND Gates

x x x
A simple memory element with NOR Gates

x x x
Basic Latch
A simple memory element with NOR Gates
A simple memory element with NOR Gates
A simple memory element with NOR Gates

Set Reset
A memory element with NOR gates

Reset

Set Q

[ Figure 5.3 from the textbook ]

Two Different Ways to Draw the Same Circuit

[ Figure 5.3 & 5.4 from the textbook ]

Circuit and Truth Table for the Basic Latch

R S R Qa Qb
Qa
0 0 0/1 1/0 (no change)
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
Qb 1 1 0 0
S

(a) Circuit (b) Truth table

[ Figure 5.4a,b from the textbook ]

NOR Gate Truth table

NOR Gate
x1 x2 f
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
Timing Diagram for the Basic Latch with NOR Gates

R S R Qa Qb
Qa
0 0 0/1 1/0 (no change)
0 1 0 1
1 0 1 0
Qb 1 1 0 0
S

(a) Circuit (b) Truth table

t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t 10

1
R
0

1
S
0

1
Qa ?
0

1
Qb ?
0

Time
(c) Timing diagram [ Figure 5.4 from the textbook ]
Gated SR Latch
 Motivation
• The basic latch changes its state when the input
signals change

• It is hard to control when these input signals will

change and thus it is hard to know when the latch
may change its state.

• We want to have something like an Enable input

• In this case it is called the “Clock” input because it is

desirable for the state changes to be synchronized
Circuit Diagram for the Gated SR Latch

[ Figure 5.5a from the textbook ]

Circuit Diagram for the Gated SR Latch

This is the “gate”

of the gated latch
Circuit Diagram for the Gated SR Latch

Notice that these

are complements
of each other
Circuit Diagram and Characteristic Table
for the Gated SR Latch

[ Figure 5.5a-b from the textbook ]

Circuit Diagram and Graphical Symbol
for the Gated SR Latch

[ Figure 5.5a,c from the textbook ]

Timing Diagram for the Gated SR Latch

[ Figure 5.5c from the textbook ]

Gated SR latch with NAND gates

S
Q

Clk

Q
R

[ Figure 5.6 from the textbook ]

Gated SR latch with NAND gates

S
Q

Clk

Q
R

In this case the “gate” is

constructed using NAND
gates! Not AND gates.
Gated D Latch
 Motivation
• Dealing with two inputs (S and R) could be messy.
For example, we may have to reset the latch before
some operations in order to store a specific value but
the reset may not be necessary depending on the
current state of the latch.

• Why not just have one input and call it D.

• The D latch can be constructed using a simple

modification of the SR latch.
Circuit Diagram for the Gated D Latch

[ Figure 5.7a from the textbook ]

Circuit Diagram and Characteristic Table
for the Gated D Latch

Note that it is now impossible to have S=R=1.

[ Figure 5.7a,b from the textbook ]

Circuit Diagram and Characteristic Table
for the Gated D Latch

When Clk=1 the output follows the D input.

When Clk=0 the output cannot be changed.
[ Figure 5.7a,b from the textbook ]
Circuit Diagram and Graphical Symbol
for the Gated D Latch

[ Figure 5.7a,c from the textbook ]

Timing Diagram for the Gated D Latch

[ Figure 5.7d from the textbook ]

 Setup and hold times

t su
th

Clk

Setup time (tsu) – the minimum time that the D signal must be stable
prior to the the negative edge of the Clock signal

Hold time (th) – the minimum time that the D signal must remain stable
after the the negative edge of the Clock signal
[ Figure 5.8 from the textbook ]
Edge-Triggered D Flip-Flops
 Motivation

In some cases we need to use a memory storage device

that can change its state no more than once during
each clock cycle.
 Master-Slave D Flip-Flop

Master Slave
Qm Qs
D D Q D Q Q

Clock Clk Q Clk Q Q

(a) Circuit

[ Figure 5.9a from the textbook ]

Timing Diagram for the Master-Slave D Flip-Flop

Master Slave
Qm Qs
D D Q D Q Q

Clock Clk Q Clk Q Q

Clock

Qm

Q = Qs

[ Figure 5.9a,b from the textbook ]

Graphical Symbol for the Master-Slave D Flip-Flop

D Q

[ Figure 5.9c from the textbook ]

Graphical Symbol for the Master-Slave D Flip-Flop

D Q

The > means that this is edge-triggered

The small circle means that is is the negative edge

[ Figure 5.9c from the textbook ]

Negative-Edge-Triggered Master-Slave D Flip-Flop
Master Slave
Qm Qs
D D Q D Q Q

Clock Clk Q Clk Q Q

Positive-Edge-Triggered Master-Slave D Flip-Flop

Master Slave
Qm Qs
D D Q D Q Q

Clock Clk Q Clk Q Q

Negative-Edge-Triggered Master-Slave D Flip-Flop

D Q

Positive-Edge-Triggered Master-Slave D Flip-Flop

D Q

Q
Other Types of Edge-Triggered
D Flip-Flops
 D D Q Qa Comparison of level-sensitive and
Clock Clk Q Qa edge-triggered D storage elements

D Q Qb

Q Qb

D Q Qc

Q Qc

Clock

Qa

Qb

Qc
 D D Q Qa Comparison of level-sensitive and
Clock Clk Q Qa edge-triggered D storage elements

D Q Qb

Q Qb
Level-sensitive
(the output mirrors the D input when Clk=1)
D Q Qc

Q Qc

Clock

Qa

Qb

Qc
 D D Q Qa Comparison of level-sensitive and
Clock Clk Q Qa edge-triggered D storage elements

D Q Qb

Q Qb
Positive-edge-triggered

D Q Qc

Q Qc

Clock

Qa

Qb

Qc
 D D Q Qa Comparison of level-sensitive and
Clock Clk Q Qa edge-triggered D storage elements

D Q Qb

Q Qb
Negative-edge-triggered

D Q Qc

Q Qc

Clock

Qa

Qb

Qc
 A positive-edge-triggered D flip-flop

1 P3

P1
2
5 Q

Clock

P2 6 Q
3

D Q

Clock Q
4 P4
D

(a) Circuit (b) Graphical symbol

[ Figure 5.11 from the textbook ]

 A positive-edge-triggered D flip-flop
This circuit behaves like a positive-edge-triggered
D flip-flop, but it uses only 6 NAND gates.
1 P3 Thus, it can be implemented with fewer transistors
than the master-slave D flip-flop.

P1
2
5 Q

Clock

P2 6 Q
3

D Q

Clock Q
4 P4
D

(a) Circuit (b) Graphical symbol

[ Figure 5.11 from the textbook ]

Master-slave D flip-flop with Clear and Preset

[ Figure 5.12 from the textbook ]

Positive-edge-triggered D flip-flop
with Clear and Preset
Positive-edge-triggered D flip-flop
with Clear and Preset

[ Figure 5.13a from the textbook ]

Positive-edge-triggered D flip-flop
with Clear and Preset

[ Figure 5.13b,c from the textbook ]

Flip-Flop Timing Parameters

[ Figure 5.14 from the textbook ]

 Terminology
• Basic Latch – is a feedback connection of two NOR
gates or two NAND gates, which can store one bit of
information. It can be set using the S input and reset to
0 using the R input.

• Gated Latch – is a basic latch that includes input gating

and a control input signal. The latch retains its existing
state when the control input is equal to 0. Its state may
be changed when the control signal is equal to 1.

[ Section 5.7 in the textbook ]

 Terminology
• Two types of gated latches
(the control input is the clock):

• Gated SR Latch – uses the S and R inputs to set the

latch to 1 or reset it to 0.

• Gated D Latch – uses the D input to force the latch into

a state that has the same logic value as the D input.

[ Section 5.7 in the textbook ]

 Terminology
• Flip-Flop – is a storage element that can have its output
state changed only on the edge of the controlling clock
signal.

• Positive-edge triggered – if the state changes when

the clock signal goes from 0 to 1.

• Negative-edge triggered – if the state changes when

the clock signal goes from 1 to 0.

[ Section 5.7 in the textbook ]

 Terminology
The word latch is mainly used for storage elements, while
clocked devices are described as flip-flops.

A latch is level-sensitive, whereas a flip-flop is edge-

sensitive. That is, when a latch is enabled it becomes
transparent, while a flip flop's output only changes on a
single type (positive going or negative going) of clock edge.

[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flip-flop_(electronics)]
Questions?
THE END