Landscape Architecture: Arjun, Jasil, Shebeeba

LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF Group Members : Arjun , Jasil, Shebeeba

ARCHITECTURE
It was seen as a place of peace and tranquility, a refuge from urban life, and a place
filled with religious and symbolic meaning.
As Roman culture developed and became increasingly influenced by foreign
civilizations, the use of gardens expanded.
Influenced by
• Egyptian
• Persian
• Greek
gardening techniques
Private Roman gardens were generally
separated into three parts.
 The first, the xystus, was a terrace that
served as an open air drawing room and
connected to the home via a covered
portico.
 The xystus overlooked the lower garden, or
ambulation. The ambulation consisted of a
variety of flowers, trees, and other foliage
and served as an ideal milieu for a leisurely
stroll after a meal, some mild conversation,
or other Roman recreation activities.
 The gestation was a shaded avenue
where the master of a home could ride
horseback or be carried by his slaves. It
generally encircled the ambulation, or was Xystus was the Greek architectural term for
constructed as a separate oval shaped the covered portico of the gymnasium, in
space. which the exercises took place during the
winter or in rainy weather
 Roman gardens were built to suit a range of
activities. Initially, lower class Romans used
gardens as a source of food to provide for their
families and mainly grew herbs and vegetables.
In Ancient Latium, a garden was a part of every
farm. According to Cato the Elder, every garden
should be close to the house and should have
flower beds and ornamental trees.
 Later, the different influences of Egyptian,
Persian, and Greek gardens became a part of
Roman horticulture, producing villa and palatial
pleasure gardens, along with public parks and
gardens meant for enjoyment or to exercise in.
No type of garden was specifically reserved for
wealthy Romans; all a civilian needed was to
have their own land or home.
 Gardens were usually built in one of six structures
 Domus (townhouse)—This free-standing structure was usually one story,
containing multiple rooms for everyday activities and an atrium toward the
front of the house to collect rainwater and illuminate the area surrounding
it.[citation needed] Toward the back of the house was often
a hortus or peristylium (an open courtyard).
 Villa rustica (farmhouse)—A large farmhouse used when the landowner
came to visit.
 Villa urbana (suburban townhouse)—These villas were where Roman citizens
would go on holiday excursion or would stop and rest at night when traveling.
 Villa suburbana (country house)—A Roman take on the country home,
used specifically for recreational use.
 Palace villa —Reserved for imperial families alone, very large and
extravagant.
 Non-residential gardens —These would be the public parks, pleasure
gardens, temple gardens, tombs, etc
 All Roman gardens were generally made up of the same basic elements. Depending on the
style or type of garden, elements may be added or embellished more, or may be omitted
altogether. Even though an atrium is found inside the house, it is considered part of the garden
because it is the opening that would allow Romans to collect rain water used to irrigate the
plants and gardens located on the property.
 Pleasure gardens would incorporate
different designs according to the taste of their
builders. All gardens of this type have the same
basic parts to them: a patio at the entrance, a
terrace, an orchard or vineyard, several water
features, a kitchen garden, shrines or grottoes and
other decorations that would personalize the
garden tour. The patio would normally be
decorated with outside garden furniture, a water
basin or fountain, and be the starting point of a
walk that would show off all the features of the
garden.
Peristyle—from a Greek word, where "peri"

means "around" and "style" means "column"—denotes
a type of open courtyard, which is surrounded by
walls of columns supporting a portico (porch).
 The xystus (garden walk or terrace) was a core
element of Roman gardens. The xystus often
overlooked a lower garden, or ambulation. The
ambulation bordered a variety of flowers, trees,
and other foliage, and it served as an ideal place
for a leisurely stroll after a meal, conversation, or
other recreational activities.
Paths or walkways were often constructed through

the garden. These were made with loose stone,
gravel, sand, or packed earth. Gardens featured
many ornamental objects, from sculpture to
frescoes to sundials. These depicted nature scenes
or were put in place as a shrine (aedicula) to the
gods or otherworldly creatures.
 The plants that were grown ranged from flowering plants to herbs and vegetables for
everyday use, as well as trees. The most popular plants found in a typical Roman family's
garden were roses, cypress, rosemary, and mulberry trees. Also possibly included were a
variety of dwarf trees, tall trees, marigolds, hyacinths, narcissi, violets, saffron, cassia,
and thyme
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LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE

GLOBAL INSTITUTE OF Group Members : Arjun , Jasil, Shebeeba

Peristyle—from a Greek word, where "peri"

Paths or walkways were often constructed through

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