Respiratory System: DR T. Mpofana Mpofana@ukzn - Ac.za
Respiratory System: DR T. Mpofana Mpofana@ukzn - Ac.za
Respiratory System: DR T. Mpofana Mpofana@ukzn - Ac.za
Dr T. Mpofana
Mpofana@ukzn.ac.za
OVERVIEW
Basic anatomy of the respiratory system
Ventilation
Spirometry
Gas transport
Control of ventilation
Revision lecture
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Differentiate between the conducting
and respiratory portion – functions
Be able to state the functions of the
respiratory system
Understand the mechanism of
ventilation – muscles involved
Gas laws: state Boyles law and be able to
aply it during respiration
LEARNING OBJECTIVES CONT….
Changes in ventilation during exercise
Spirometry – basic function
Gas transport in blood (different forms
in which O2 and CO2 is transported)
How is ventilation controlled
Pathological conditions
FUNCTIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
ANATOMY OF RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
Nose has a nasal cavity that
leads to the pharynx.
NOSE
Nasal cavity is lined with cilia
and hairs and goblet cells that
make mucus (anti-septic and
moisten air)– filter the air –
dust, pollen and other foreign
material sticks to it.
3 x turbinate bones divide the
nasal cavity into 4 passages –
This enlarges the surface of the
nasal cavity – For warming,
cleaning and moisten of air.
Several surface blood vessels
help to warm air.
AIRPASSAGES
Turbinate bones
Pharynx
Alveoli
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Diaphragm
SEM TEM
TIDAL VENTILATION MECHANISM
Air moves in and out of the body via the same
route.
The lungs are not completely emptied during
each breathing cycle.
The air entering mixes with used air remaining
in the lungs.
This help to conserve water, but decreases gas-
exchange efficiency
Four Respiration Processes
Breathing (ventilation): Oxygen in to and
Carbon Dioxide out of the lungs
External respiration: gas exchange between
air and blood (what can be exposed to the
outside of the body)
Internal respiration: gas exchange between
blood and tissues (what cannot be exposed to
the outside of the body)
Cellular respiration: oxygen used to produce
ATP (energy), carbon dioxide is the waste
product
MECHANICS OF BREATHING
Inspiration
-In flow of atmospheric air into lungs.
Expiration
INSPIRATION EXPIRATION
Air inhaled
INSPIRATION
cage
Rib EXPIRATION Air exhaled
expands as Rib cage
rib gets smaller
muscles as rib
contract muscles
relax
When pressure in
lungs increase –
When pressure in air is pushed out
Diaphragm Diaphragm
lungs decrease –
contracts relaxes
air rush in
(moves down) (moves up)
MUSCLES OF INSPIRATION
Muscle of normal tidal inspiration-
Diaphragm
External intercostal
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Serratus Anterior
Pectoralis major and minor
Laryngeal muscle
MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
Internal intercostal
Abdominal muscles include-
Abdominal Rectii
Transversus Abdominis
Internal oblique
BOYLE’S LAW
Chemical factors
– Carbon dioxide levels
Level of carbon dioxide in the blood is the main
regulatory chemical for respiration
Increased carbon dioxide increases respiration
Oxygen levels
Changes in oxygen concentration in the blood are
detected by chemoreceptors in the aorta and
carotid artery
Airway resistance
Surgical intervention
Hydrothorax
Pneumothorax
SURFACE TENSION IN LUNGS
Alveolar instability.
TO OVERCOME SURFACE
TENSION
Surfactant secreted from type II cells.
Important components-
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine
Surfactant apoproteins
Calcium ions
WORK OF BREATHING
INCREASE IN –
Exercise
Obstructive lung diseases