Energy Changes in Chemical Reaction

ENERGY CHANGES IN
CHEMICAL REACTION
ENERGY CHANGES IN CHEMICAL
REACTION
What happens to energy during chemical reaction?
During chemical reaction, energy in a form of heat
might be released or absorbed. “endo” means within,
absorbed or contained while prefix “exo” is related to
outside. Therefore, during chemical processes energy
can either be released or termed exothermic and is
absorbed that is known as endothermic.
In chemical reactions, atoms of reactants are
rearranged into different molecules as products. The
new molecules have different bonds , sometimes
containing less total energy than the reactants and
sometimes more. Since energy is always conserved, if
the products contain less energy than the reactants,
energy is left over and the reaction is exothermic. If the
bonds of the products contain more energy than the
reactants, then energy must be absorbed and the
reaction is endothermic. This energy may take many
forms including light, heat and sound.
The energy is usually absorbed or released is in the
form of heat. So how heat transfer occurs?
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between two
bodies that are at different temperatures. So when we
say “heat flow” from hot object to cold one- heat
implies the transfer of energy which means “heat is
absorbed” (endothermic reaction)- a reaction that uses
up energy (feels cold on outside); “heat released”
(exothermic reaction)- a reaction that gives off energy
(feels warm on outside)
HARNESSING ENERGY FROM
VARIOUS SOURCES
Energy is defined as the capacity to do
work. It is identified and recognized by its
effect. It cannot be seen, touched, smelled
or weighed. The energy resources in our
environment can be classified as
renewable or non-renewable.
 Take millions of years to be made and replaced.
 Oil,coal and gas are examples of nonrenewable resources
that are being used more quickly that they are being formed.
 Theseresources are therefore limited in supply that is not
enough to continue using them indefinitely.
 Inresponse to the limitations on our use of fossil fuels there has
been more research on “alternative” or renewable energy
sources to replace the traditional oil, coal and gas fuels.
 Today, there is a need to find alternatives to energy sources.
NON-RENEWABLE
RESOURCES
 Renewable sources of energy are those that can be
made or replaced quickly such as solar, hydro and
wind energy.
 Thetime is takes for the energy to be replaced
varies from seconds for solar, hours for wind and up
to months or years for crops or plantation forests.
 The
continual replacement of these energy sources
means that for human use they are unlimited in
supply.
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
SOURCES OF ENERGY
a. FOSSIL FUELS
Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons such as coal, oil and natural
gas that comes from the organic remains of prehistoric
organisms. They are essentially a non-renewable energy
source. The geological processes which create them take
beyond lifetime, so they cannot be replaced within human
timescales once they are gone. When these fuels are burnt,
the energy released can be harnessed to produce electricity
, power vehicles, heat homes, cook food and much more.
They are also used in the production of important materials
such as plastics.
b. Biogas
Nearly all organic compounds can be used to produce
biogas under the right circumstances. Biogas can be
harvested from things like crop waste, various plant materials,
municipal waste and even human and animal waste. As
matter decomposes, it emits several gases including carbon
dioxide, methane and sometimes small amounts of
hydrogen, nitrogen and hydrogen sulphide. In order to
harness biogas, waste decomposition has to take place
through anaerobic process (absence of oxygen), which is
easily achieved by building a dome-like container.
c. GEOTHERMAL
Geothermal energy is the thermal energy
convected from the Earth’s interior. This thermal form
of energy is conveyed by the magma to the crust of
the planet. To create electricity from geothermal
energy, a special geothermal plant is created near a
geothermal reservoir. Plants use the reservoir to
evaporate a liquid and create steam. This steam is
used to turn turbines, which in turn are connected to
generators that produce electricity.
d. HYDROTHERMAL
Hydrothermal energy is the process of obtaining heat or
energy from a large body of water. Ocean thermal energy
conversion (OTEC- also known as hydrothermal power
generation), focuses on electrical power generation from
ocean temperature difference. It offers more
comprehensive utilization of the natural water resources. The
water resources may be transported to and from the source
and collocated for utilization on the surface of floating
platforms or from shore-based applications.
e. BATTERIES
A cheap rechargeable battery that harnesses
energy by using the electrochemistry of organic
molecules rather than metals is a breakthrough for
renewable energy. The flow battery would be
hooked to solar panels on the roof of a commercial
building. The energy stored in the battery could
power the building or be used whenever there is a
need for it.
f. SOLAR CELLS
Solar cells convert the sun’s energy into electricity.
Whether they’re adorning our calculator or orbiting our
planet on satellites, they rely on the photoelectric effect- the
ability of matter to emit electrons when a light is shone on it.
A solar panel is a large flat rectangle, made up of many
individual solar energy collectors called solar cells covered
with a protective sheet of glass. Similar to cells in a battery,
the cells in a solar panel are designed to generate
electricity; but where a battery’s cell make electricity from
chemicals, a solar panel’s cell generate power by capturing
sunlight instead.
g. BIOMASS
Biomass is a carbon based and is composed of a mixture
of organic molecules containing hydrogen, usually
including atoms of oxygen, often nitrogen and also small
quantities of other atoms, including alkali, alkaline, earth
and heavy metals. Biomass is a renewable energy source
not only because its energy comes from the sun, but also its
biomass can re-grow over a relatively short period of time.
Though the process of photosynthesis, chlorophyll in plants
captures the sun’s energy by converting carbon dioxide
from the air and water from the ground into carbohydrates-
complex compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen.

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ENERGY CHANGES IN

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