Dynamic Soil Properties

SI 6121 Dinamika Tanah dan Rekayasa Gempa

Oleh: Christopher Tanjung
Analisis Linier ekivalen vs NON-linier
Linear Analysis:
- Use Gmax Gsec

Equivalent Linear Analysis: Gmax

- Use Gsec ≈ average 2
- Low strain: soil is Gtan2
modeled weaker
(overdamped) Gtan1
- Large strain: soil is
modeled stiffer
(underdamped)

Non-Linear Analysis:
- Use Gtan in every level
of strain
- G/Gmax curve
- Represent the actual
condition
 Procedure of Linear equivalent Analysis

𝐺 ′ 𝑚 𝛾,𝑃𝐼 −𝑚𝑜 1 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −0.0145.𝑃𝐼1.3

𝐺
2
𝐺
= 𝐾(𝛾, 𝑃𝐼)(𝜎𝑚 ) 𝜉 = 0.333 0.586 − 1.547 +1
𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥

1. Assume the low strain level as a initial

estimate, say γ = 0.00001 = 0.001%
2. Compute the G1 and ξ1 at strain level
estimated on the first step
3. Compute eff. Shear strain (γ2) from
G1 and ξ1 z1 𝛾 𝑧1, 𝑡 = 𝑖𝑘1 ∗ (𝐴1 𝑒 𝑖𝑘
∗𝑧
1 − 𝐵1 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘
∗𝑧
2 )𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡
1. Sand
4. Next G2 and ξ2 are chosen from γ2 z2
for next iteration 𝛾 𝑧2, 𝑡 = 𝑖𝑘2 ∗ (𝐴2 𝑒 𝑖𝑘
∗𝑧
2 − 𝐵2 𝑒 −𝑖𝑘
∗𝑧
2 )𝑒 𝑖𝜔𝑡
5. Step 2 to 4 are repeated until the
2. Clay
differences are less than 5 to 10%
3. Elastic Rock
 Gmax Formula for Clay

𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐺𝑜 = 𝜌𝑣𝑠 2

Reference: 𝑃𝐼 0.72
QUAKE/W manual 𝑘 = 50

2 1 1
𝜎𝑚 ′ = (𝜎1 ′ + 𝜎2 ′ + 𝜎3 ′) = (𝜎1 ′ + 2𝜎3 ′)
3 3
1
𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 625 (𝑂𝐶𝑅)𝑘 𝑝𝑎 . 𝜎𝑚 ′
𝑒 1.3 𝜎3′ = 𝜎1′ . 𝐾𝑜
Void ratio 1 atm=100 kPa

𝐾𝑜 = 0.4 + 0.007 𝑃𝐼 ; 0 ≤ 𝑃𝐼 ≤ 40
Note:
Gmax, pa, and σm’ expressed 𝐾𝑜 = 0.68 + 0.001 𝑃𝐼 − 40 ; 40 ≤ 𝑃𝐼 ≤ 80
in the same unit
 Gmax Formula for Clay

1200

1000

800
GMAX/SU

600

400

200

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
OCR

PI=15-20 PI=20-25 PI=35-45

 Gmax Formula for Sand and Gravel (Seed and Idriss,
1970)
1 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐺𝑜 = 𝜌𝑣𝑠 2 Void Ratio

2 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1000 𝐾2 𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝜎𝑚 ′ Lb/ft2

𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 218.82 𝐾2 𝑚𝑎𝑥 . 𝜎𝑚 ′ kPa

Note:
Gmax and σm’ is in lb/ft2
1 lb/ft2 = 0.04788 kPa K2max for gravel = 80-180

Gmax Formula for Rock Fill

𝑉𝑠 𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙
(Gazetas, 1991)
𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 218.82 𝑥 𝐾2 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑥 𝜎𝑚 ′
K2max = 170
Note:
Gmax and σm’ is in kPa
G/Gmax (Ishibashi and Zhang, 1993)

0.4
0.000556 1.3 )
𝑚 𝛾, 𝑃𝐼 − 𝑚𝑜 = 0.272 1 − tanh ln 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−0.0145𝑃𝐼
𝛾

𝐺 ′ )𝑚 𝛾,𝑃𝐼 −𝑚𝑜
= 𝐾(𝛾, 𝑃𝐼)(𝜎𝑚 Sand or gravel
𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥

0.492
0.000102 + 𝑛 𝑃𝐼
𝐾 𝛾, 𝑃𝐼 = 0.5 1 + tanh ln
𝛾

Tangent
hyperbolic Shear strain
Damping Ratio for Clay, Sand, and Gravel

−0.0145.𝑃𝐼1.3 2
1 + 𝑒𝑥𝑝 𝐺 𝐺
𝜉 = 0.333 0.586 − 1.547 +1
2 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐺𝑚𝑎𝑥

For initial Damping ratio, G/Gmax=1

So, it only depends on PI

For Sand or gravel

G/Gmax and Damping for Rock

G/Gmax Damping Ratio (%)

1.2 5

1 4
0.8 DAMPING (%) 3
G/GMAX

0.6
2
0.4
1
0.2

0 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1
STRAIN (%) STRAIN (%)
Source: SHAKE2000 Program
 Author(s) I.D. All soils Sand Silt Clay
0.54
Shibata (1970) A - Vs = 31.7 N - -
0.31
Ohba and Toriuma (1970) B Vs = 84 N - - -
0.33
Imai and Yoshimura (1975) C Vs = 76 N - - -
0.36
Ohta et al (1972) D - Vs = 87.2 N - -
0.337
Fujiwara (1972) E Vs = 92.1 N - - -
Ohsaki and Iwasaki (1973) F Vs = 81.4 N0.39 - - -
0.341
Imai et al (1975) G Vs = 89.9 N - - -
0.337 0.331
Imai(1977) H Vs = 91 N Vs = 80.6 N - Vs = 80.2 N 0.292
Ohta and Goto (1978) I Vs = 85.35 N0.348 - - -
0.5
Based on NSPT

Seed and Idriss (1981) J Vs = 61.4 N - - -

Vs Formulas

0.314
Imai and Tonouchi (1982) K Vs = 96.9 N - - -
0.29
Sykora and Stokoe (1983) L - Vs = 100.5 N - -
0.202
Jinan (1987) M Vs = 116.1 (N+0.3185) - - -
Okamoto et al (1989) N - Vs = 125 N 0.3 - -
0.49 0.32
Lee (1990) O - Vs = 57.4 N Vs = 105.64 N Vs = 114.43 N 0.31
Athanasopoulos (1995) P Vs = 107.6 N0.36 - - Vs = 76.55 N 0.445
Sisman (1995) Q Vs = 32.8 N0.51 - - -
0.516
Iyisan (1996) R Vs = 51.5 N - - -
0.6
Kanai (1966) S Vs = 19 N - - -
Jafari et al (1997) T Vs = 22 N 0.85 - - -
0.292
Kiku et al (2001) U Vs = 68.3 N - - -
0.77
Jafari et al (2002) V - - Vs = 22 N Vs = 27 N0.73
0.309 0.319 0.269
Hasancebi and Ulusay (2006) W Vs = 90 N Vs = 90.82 N - Vs = 97.89 N
a
Ulugergerli and Uyanık (2007) X VSU = 23.291 Ln(N)+405.61 - - -
b -0.011N
Ulugergerli and Uyanık (2007) Y VSL = 52.9 e - - -
0.39 0.33 0.36 0.48
Dikmen (2009) Z Vs = 58 N Vs = 73 N Vs = 60 N Vs = 44 N
0.178 0.271
Pitilakis et al. (1999) AA - Vs = 145(N60 ) - Vs = 132(N 60 )
0.26 0.205 0.237
Hasancebi and Ulusay (2006) AB Vs = 104.79(N 60 ) Vs = 131(N60 ) Vs = 107.63(N 60 )
Vs Formulas Based on CPT and NSPT
Vs Formulas Based on CPT
Site Classification (Based on ASCE-2010)
Site Classification (SNI-1726-2012)
 Useful Correlations

NSPT - φ DR - NSPT
𝐷𝑟 = 15 𝑁60 1 (FLAC Manual)

(Bowles)