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    Measures of Association

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    sugan1987
    This document discusses various measures of association that can be used for different variable types and relationships. It covers Pearson's correlation coefficient for continuous linearly related variables, correlation ratio for nonlinear data, biserial correlation for one continuous and one dichotomous variable, and other measures like partial correlation and multiple correlation. It also discusses measures for ordinal data like gamma, Kendall's tau, and Spearman's rho, as well as measures for nominal data like phi, Cramer's V, and contingency coefficient. Examples and interpretations of these measures of association are provided.

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    Measures of Association

    Uploaded by

    sugan1987
    489 views15 pages
    This document discusses various measures of association that can be used for different variable types and relationships. It covers Pearson's correlation coefficient for continuous linearly related variables, correlation ratio for nonlinear data, biserial correlation for one continuous and one dichotomous variable, and other measures like partial correlation and multiple correlation. It also discusses measures for ordinal data like gamma, Kendall's tau, and Spearman's rho, as well as measures for nominal data like phi, Cramer's V, and contingency coefficient. Examples and interpretations of these measures of association are provided.

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    This document discusses various measures of association that can be used for different variable types and relationships. It covers Pearson's correlation coefficient for continuous linearly related variables, correlation ratio for nonlinear data, biserial correlation for one continuous and one dichotomous variable, and other measures like partial correlation and multiple correlation. It also discusses measures for ordinal data like gamma, Kendall's tau, and Spearman's rho, as well as measures for nominal data like phi, Cramer's V, and contingency coefficient. Examples and interpretations of these measures of association are provided.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    489 views15 pages

    Measures of Association

    Uploaded by

    sugan1987
    This document discusses various measures of association that can be used for different variable types and relationships. It covers Pearson's correlation coefficient for continuous linearly related variables, correlation ratio for nonlinear data, biserial correlation for one continuous and one dichotomous variable, and other measures like partial correlation and multiple correlation. It also discusses measures for ordinal data like gamma, Kendall's tau, and Spearman's rho, as well as measures for nominal data like phi, Cramer's V, and contingency coefficient. Examples and interpretations of these measures of association are provided.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 15

    Measures of Association

    Measures of Association: Interval/Ratio

    For continuous linearly related


    Pearson correlation coefficient
    variables
    For nonlinear data or relating a main
    Correlation ratio (eta) effect to a continuous dependent
    variable
    One continuous and one dichotomous
    Biserial variable with an underlying normal
    distribution
    Three variables; relating two with the
    Partial correlation
    third’s effect taken out
    Three variables; relating one variable
    Multiple correlation
    with two others
    Predicting one variable from another’s
    Bivariate linear regression
    19-2
    scores
    Measures of Association: Ordinal

    Based on concordant-discordant pairs;


    Gamma proportional reduction in error (PRE)
    interpretation

    Kendall’s tau b P-Q based; adjustment for tied ranks

    P-Q based; adjustment for table


    Kendall’s tau c
    dimensions

    P-Q based; asymmetrical extension of


    Somers’s d
    gamma

    Product moment correlation for ranked


    Spearman’s rho
    data
    19-3
    Measures of Association: Nominal

    Phi Chi-square based for 2*2 tables


    CS based; adjustment when one table
    Cramer’s V
    dimension >2
    CS based; flexible data and distribution
    Contingency coefficient C
    assumptions

    Lambda PRE based interpretation

    PRE based with table marginals


    Goodman & Kruskal’s tau
    emphasis
    Uncertainty coefficient Useful for multidimensional tables

    Kappa Agreement measure


    19-4
    Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation r

    Is there a relationship between X and Y?

    What is the magnitude of the relationship?

    What is the direction of the relationship?

    19-5
    Exhibit 19-2 Scatterplots of Relationships

    19-6
    Exhibit 19-4 Scatterplots

    19-7
    Interpretation of Coefficients

    A coefficient is not remarkable simply


    because it is statistically significant! It
    must be practically meaningful.

    19-8
    Exhibit 19-9 Comparison of Bivariate
    Linear Correlation and Regression

    19-9
    Examples of Different Slopes

    19-10
    Testing Goodness of Fit

    Y is completely unrelated to X
    and no systematic pattern is evident

    There are constant values of


    Y for every value of X

    The data are related but


    represented by a nonlinear function

    19-11
    Exhibit 19-18 Components of Variation

    19-12
    Coefficient of Determination: r2

    Total proportion of variance in Y


    explained by X
    Desired r2: 80% or more

    19-13
    Exhibit 19-20 Chi-Square Based Measures

    19-14
    Exhibit 19-22 Statistical Alternatives for Ordinal
    Measures

    19-15

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