LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

• Understand the importance of paraphrasing in

academic setting.
• Find out the difference between paraphrasing
and summarizing, quotation and plagiarism.
• Apply the key skills of paraphrasing and be
able to paraphrase the given materials on your
own.
What do I know about paraphrasing?

• Do I know what it is?

• Do I know how to do it?
• How have I paraphrased?

So, how do I feel about my ability to

paraphrase?
 What is Paraphrasing?

• Paraphrasing is a reading and writing skill.

Read a sentence or paragraph and then
write the same ideas using your words.
• Paraphrasing is not copying. Good
paraphrasing shows you understand other
people’s ideas and can write them in a
way that makes sense to you.
 What is a Paraphrase?

A paraphrase is...
• your own rendition of essential information
and ideas expressed by someone else,
presented in a new form.
• one legitimate way (when accompanied by
accurate documentation) to borrow from a
source.
• a more detailed restatement than a summary,
which focuses concisely on a single main idea.
 Why is paraphrasing important?

Paraphrasing helps build writing skills

in many areas.
• improve vocabulary power
• learn different sentence patterns
• expand knowledge of expressions
• develop your own writing style
What is the difference between ….
SUMMARIZING PARAPHRASING
Summarizing involves Paraphrasing involves
putting the main idea(s) into putting a passage from source
your own words, including only material into your own words.
the main point(s). Once again, A paraphrase must also be
it is necessary to attribute attributed to the original
summarized ideas to the source.
original source. Paraphrased material is
Summaries are usually shorter than the
significantly shorter than the original passage, taking a
original and take a broad somewhat broader segment of
overview of the source the source and condensing it
material. slightly.
summarize = make notes paraphrase = synthesis
 What is the difference between …
QUOTATION PLAGIARISM
Quotations must be Plagiarism is using
identical to the original, someone else’s ideas and
using a narrow segment of writings and presenting
the source. They must them as your own.
match the source document
word for word and must be Plagiarism = Theft/Lying
attributed to the original
author.
ACTIVITY:

observer

speaker listener
SPEAKER Include feelings and
events
LISTENER
OBSERVER
 “I don’tThebelieve that
Speaker“Idid a goodSome
agree. job people
love restating the
getmessage,
so hung up on the
is the key to effective
without using
wordthe exact
‘love’ same
that they
relationships.
words orAfter
makingall, the
forget Listener
about the day-to-
feel stupid
I think the key is for
daynotwork that has to get
understanding
negotiation and done right away.
in a good
compromise.” relationship.”

observer
listener
 WAYS to PARAPHRASE
• Use words and phrases with a similar
meaning.
• Change the sentence from active voice to
passive.
• Change nouns to verbs.
• Combine two sentence with conjunctions.
• Join two sentence with relative clauses
and appositives.
• Replace a word with its meaning.
• Synonyms
(original)
More than half of the women who attended
the one-day conference were in business with
their spouses.
(paraphrased)
Majority of the women who went to the one-
day meeting were in business with their
husbands.
• Voice
(original)
The tsunami killed thousands of people.
Millions of tourists have visited the Eiffel
Tower.
(paraphrased)
Thousands of people were killed by the
tsunami.
The Eiffel Tower has been visited by millions
of tourists.
• Nominalization
(original)
Researchers conducted an investigation
into the problem.
You have to give us your decision by
tomorrow.
(paraphrased)
Researchers investigated the problem.
You have to decide by tomorrow.
• Conjunctions
(original)
The computer was making a loud noise.
The computer was broken.
(paraphrased)
The computer was making a loud noise
because it was broken.
Because the computer was broken, it
was making the loud noise.
• Clause
(original)
Motorcycle racing is a dangerous sport.
It is enjoyed by many young people.
(paraphrased)
 Motorcycle racing is a dangerous sport
which is enjoyed by many young
people.
• Definition
(original)
The judge’s verdict surprised everyone in
the courtroom.
Most economic analysts predict the
financial crisis will persist into the new year.
(paraphrased)
 The judge’s final decision surprised
everyone in the courtroom.
Most economic analysts believe the
financial crisis will continue into the new
year.
• "The individual who lacks affection, recognition
or the fulfillment of other emotional needs
may turn to food."
A person who is unloved or unrecognized may
eat for emotional fulfillment.

• We might well find that we need more than

three weeks in which to complete a report of
this kind.
It's quite likely that three weeks won't be
sufficient for us to finalize such a report.
 Exercise 1

1. The student requested that the professor

excuses her absence, but the professor
refused.
a. The professor denied the student’s request for
an excused absence.
b. The student asked permission to excuse her
absence, yet the professor did not allow.
2. There will be a music concert next to Vienna
coffee shop. Would you like to go?
a. Would you like to go to a music concert next to
Vienna coffee shop?
b. Are you coming to a music concert in Vienna?

3. The office of International Students and

Scholars (ISS) at West University is located in
Benjamin Hall.
a. Benjamin Hall at West University hosts the ISS
office.
b. The ISS office is located at West University in
Benjamin Hall.
4. International Center is hosting English
Conversation classes. They help non-native speakers
of English practice their English speaking skills.
a. English non native speakers can improve their
English by taking classes at International Center.
b. English Conversation Classes hosted by the
International Center is helping the non-native
speakers to speak English.

5. The kidneys filter out glucose in the blood.

a. Glucose in the blood is filtered out by the
kidneys.
b. Glucose is in the blood, and the kidneys filter it
out.
6. The car that was pulled over by the police
officer yesterday just had an accident. That driver
is not careful.
a. The driver who was pulled over yesterday is
not careful because he just had an accident.
b. The car that had an accident was pulled over
by the police officer yesterday because the
driver was reckless.
7. Could you tell me anything about the blast in
central market?
a. Could you tell me anything about the
explosion in Central Market?
b. Do you have any idea about the explosion in
central market?

8. Fatima worried about passing the very

difficult test.
a. Receiving a passing grade on the difficult
exam concerned Fatima.
b. Fatima was worried about receiving good
marks on the test, which was very hard.
9. Lack of calcium can result in malformed teeth.
a. Misshapen teeth are caused by an
insufficient intake of calcium.
b. Insufficient calcium can result in malformed
teeth. One effect is is misshapen teeth.

10. Anxiety is a feeling. It occurs when someone

dreads something unknown.
a. Anxiety, which is a feeling, is felt by people who
do not know why they are uneasy.
b. The feeling of anxiety results when someone is
uneasy but doesn't know why.
 So, why do we use quotations,
paraphrases and summaries?
• Provide support for claims or add truth to your
writing
• Give examples of several points of view on a
subject
• Call attention to a position that you wish to agree
or disagree with
• Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence,
or passage by quoting the original [HOOK]
• Expand the breadth or depth of your writing
[providing concrete detail]
 Advanced writers …
often combine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations.
As part of a summary of an article, a chapter, or a book,
a writer might include paraphrases of various key points
blended with quotations of striking or suggestive phrases.
Often, a short quotation works well when integrated
into a sentence.
Longer quotations can stand alone. Remember that
quoting should be done only sparingly; you must have a
good reason to include a direct quotation.

Let’s look at an example.

 In his famous and influential work
the Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud
argues that dreams are the "royal road to
the unconscious" (page #), expressing in
coded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled
wishes through a process known as the
"dream-work" (page #). According to Freud,
actual but unacceptable desires are
censored internally and subjected to coding
through layers of condensation and
displacement before emerging in a kind of
rebus puzzle in the dream itself (page #).
 How do I make notes?
• Read the entire text, noting the key points and
main ideas.
• Summarize in your own words what the single
main idea of the text is.
• Paraphrase important supporting points that
come up in the text.
• Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages
that you believe should be quoted directly.
How do I paraphrase (Noodletools)?

6
Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
 TIME FOR A BRAINPOP MOVIE

http://www.brainpop.com/english/writing/paraphrasing
/preview.weml
How do I paraphrase (Noodletools)?

6
Steps to Effective Paraphrasing
1. Reread the original passage until you understand its full
meaning. Do not paste the whole article into Noodletools.
2. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note
card.
3. Jot down a few words below your paraphrase to remind
you later how you envision using this material. At the top of
the note card, write a key word or phrase to indicate the
subject of your paraphrase.
4. Check your version with the original to make sure that your
version accurately expresses all the essential information in a
new form.
5. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or
phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source.
6. Record the source (including the page) on your note card
so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the
 Let’s read this original text.
Students frequently overuse direct
quotation in taking notes, and as a result they
overuse quotations in the final [research] paper.
Probably only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as directly quoted
matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the
amount of exact transcribing of source materials
while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing
Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
 Let’s summarize this original text.
Students frequently overuse direct
quotation in taking notes, and as a result they
overuse quotations in the final [research] paper.
Probably only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as directly quoted
matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the
amount of exact transcribing of source materials
while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing
Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
 SUMMARY
Find the main idea and key points.

Students should take just a few notes in

direct quotation from sources to help minimize
the amount of quoted material in a research
paper (Lester 46-47).
 Let’s paraphrase this original text.
Students frequently overuse direct
quotation in taking notes, and as a result they
overuse quotations in the final [research] paper.
Probably only about 10% of your final
manuscript should appear as directly quoted
matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the
amount of exact transcribing of source materials
while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing
Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.
 PARAPHRASE
Find the supporting details and put them in your
own words.
Identify technical language which cannot be
paraphrased.

In research papers students often quote

excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to
a desirable level. Since the problem usually
originates during note taking, it is essential to
minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester
46-47).
 If we had plagiarized, this is what it
would look like.

Students often use too many direct

quotations when they take notes, resulting in
too many of them in the final research paper. In
fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy
should consist of directly quoted material. So it
is important to limit the amount of source
material copied while taking notes.
 Work with your partner

• Directions: Write a paraphrase of the first

passage in your worksheet.
• Find the main idea and supporting details.
• When you paraphrase, try not to look back at
the original passage.
SHARE
READ ALOUD
 Let’s check how you did
According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity
of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing a delicate
natural mechanism that controls the earth's
climate. He fears that human activity could
interfere with the balance between the sun, the
source of the earth's heat, and the important
source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow
north and cool the oceans and atmosphere
("Captain Cousteau" 17).
 Work with your partner

• Directions: Write a paraphrase of the second

passage in your worksheet.
• Find the main idea and supporting details.
• When you paraphrase, try not to look back at
the original passage.
SHARE
READ ALOUD
 How did you do?

The use of a helmet is the key to reducing

bicycling fatalities, which are due to head
injuries 75% of the time. By cushioning the head
upon impact, a helmet can reduce accidental
injury by as much as 85%, saving the lives of
hundreds of victims annually, half of whom are
school children ("Bike Helmets" 348).
 Time to work independently
Directions: Write a
paraphrase of the
third passage on your
worksheet.
Find the main idea
and supporting
details.
When you paraphrase,
try not to look back at
the original passage.
SHARE
READ ALOUD
 Tough stuff, isn’t it.

How much higher skyscrapers of the future

will rise than the present world marvel, the
Sears Tower, is unknown. However, the design of
one twice as tall is already on the boards, and an
architect, Robert Sobel, thinks we currently have
sufficient know-how to build a skyscraper with
over 500 stories (Bachman 15).
 Let’s Reflect on our Learning
• What did I know about
paraphrasing before this lesson?
• How did I feel about paraphrasing
before this lesson?
• Now, how do I feel about my
ability to paraphrase?
• Why do I feel this way?