PRENATAL

DEVELOPMENT
AND BIRTH

Prepared for: Dr. Nor Azian Md Noor

Prepared by: Khadijah Qiaojuping ( G0831416)

Suzlim Abdullah (G0810294)
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND
BIRTH

Prenatal development and birth

Prenatal Postpartum period

development

Birth
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

The course of prenatal

development

Teratology and hazards to prenatal

development
Prenatal
Developm
ent Prenatal care

Cultural beliefs about

pregnancy

Normal prenatal
development
THE COURSE OF PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT

Three periods Three trimesters

First trimester (First three months)

The germinal period (1st 2 weeks)

The embryonic period (2-8 weeks)

First trimester (First three months)

The fetal period (2-9 months) First trimester (First three months)
Second trimester (Middle three months)
Third trimester (Last three months)
THE GERMINAL PERIOD (1ST 2
WEEKS)
THE EMBRYONIC PERIOD (2-8 WEEKS)
Digestive and respiratory
systems
The endoderm

Three Circulatory system, bones,

The mesoderm muscles, excretory system
layers
and reproductive system
The ectoderm
Nervous system, sensory
receptors and skin parts

The Amnion
Life-
The Umbilical
support cord
systems
The Placenta
THE PLACENTA AND UMBILICAL
CORD
THE FETAL PERIOD

Become active, moving its arms and

3 months after conception legs, opening and closing its mouth and
moving its head
A grasping reflex is present, and
6 months after conception irregular breathing movements occur

The fetus grow longer and gains

8 months after conception substantial weight

Prenatal development:video on prenatal dev.flv

ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
 "Verily we created man from a drop of mingled sperm."
[AL-QUR'AN 76:2]

 "That He did create in pairs---male and female, from a seed when lodged (In its
place)."
[AL-QUR'AN 53:45-46]

 "He makes you, in the wombs of your mothers, in stages, one after another, in three
veils of darkness.”
[AL-QUR'AN 39:6]

 "Man we did create from a quintessence (of clay); then we placed him as (a drop of)
sperm in a place of rest, firmly fixed; then we made the sperm into a clot of congealed
blood; then of that clot we made a (fetus) lump; then we made out of that lump bones
and clothed the bones with flesh; then we developed out of it another creature. So
blessed be ALLAH, the best to create!"
                                                                        [AL-QUR'AN 23:12-14]
                                                                                        
ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE
 Was He not a drop of sperm emitted (In lowly form)? Then did he become a clinging
clot; then did (Allah) make and fashion (him) in due proportion. And of him He made
two sexes, male and female.“
[AL-QUR'AN 75:37-39]

 "Him who created thee, fashioned thee in due proportion, and gave thee a just bias; in
whatever form He wills, does He put thee together.“
[AL-QUR'AN 82:7-8]
 "And He gave you (the faculties of) hearing and sight and feeling (and
understanding)."
                                                                                               [AL-QUR'AN 32:9]

 "Verily we created man from a drop of mingled sperm, in order to try him: so we gave
him (the gifts), of hearing and sight."
                                                                                               [AL-QUR'AN 76:2]
 "It is He who has created for you (the faculties of) hearing, sight, feeling and
understanding: little thanks it is ye give!"

[AL-QUR'AN 23:78]
TERATOLOGY AND HAZARDS TO
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT
 Teratogen- refers to any environmental agent that cause damage during the
prenatal period. It comes from the Greek word teras, meaning
“malformation” or “monstrosity”. The field of study that investigates the
causes of birth defects is called teratology.

 Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs

TERATOLOGY TO PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT

Fetal alcohol syndrome

1.Wide-set eyes
2.Flat bones
3.Thin upper lip
TERATOLOGY TO PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Fetal nicotine syndrome

1.Poor language
2.Cognitive skills
3.Attention disorder
HAZARDS TO PRENATAL
DEVELOPMENT
Psychoactive and Illegal Drugs Alcohol, nicotine, cocaine and heroin
Incompatible Blood Types Rh factor

Maternal Diseases Rubella, Syphilis, Genital herpes, AIDS

(immune deficiency syndrome)
Maternal Diet and Nutrition Mother’s diet, pollution fish

Maternal Emotional States and Stress intense fears, anxieties and other
emotions

Maternal Age Adolescence & more than 30’s woman

Paternal Factors Abnormalities in sperm, father’s age

Environmental Hazards Radiation, toxic wastes, chemical
pollutants
ISLAMIC PERCEPTIVE
 "Forbidden to you (for food) are: dead meat, blood, the flesh of swine, and
that on which hath been invoked the name of other than Allah.”
[Al-Qur’an 5:3]

 "Oh you who believe! Verily, without a shadow of a doubt, wine, gambling,
idol worshipping, instruments used for divining, for telling the future, are
all impurities and pollutants from the activities of Shaytaan." "and he
wishes to prevent you and stop you and hinder you from the remembrance
of Allah and he wants to prevent you from performing salah."
[Al- Qur’an 5:90-91]
PRENATAL CARE

Health Care Dos and Don’ts

Food Dos and Don’ts

Prenatal
care

Lifestyle Dos and Don’ts

Environmental Dos and Don’ts

CULTURAL BELIEFS ABOUT
PREGNANCY
 Expectant mothers behave during pregnancy may depend in part on the
prevalence of traditional home-care remedies and folk beliefs, the
importance of indigenous healers, and the influence of health-care
professions in their culture.

 Identify beliefs, values, and behaviors related to childbearing.

 Affect women’s attitudes about the care needed during pregnancy (e.g.
Religious, language)
NORMAL PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

 It is important to remember that, although things can do go wrong during

pregnancy, most of the time pregnancy and prenatal development go well.

 Avoiding teratogens helps ensure a positive outcome.

BIRTH

The birth process

Birth Assessing the newborn

Low birth weight and preterm

infants
THE BIRTH PROCESS

Stages of birth

Childbirth setting
The birth and attendants
process

Methods of
childbirth

The transition
from fetus to
newborn
STAGES OF BIRTH

First stage (12-24 hours) Contractions dilate the cervix to an

opening of about 4 inches so that the
baby can move from the uterus to the
birth canal

Second stage ( 1 ½ hours) The baby’s head start to move through

the cervix and the birth canal

After birth stage (last only minutes) The placenta, umbilical cord and other
membranes are detached and expelled
METHODS OF CHILDBIRTH

Three basic kinds of drugs: analgesia,

Medications anesthesia, oxytocics

Natural childbirth
Natural and Prepared
childbirth
Prepared childbirth

Cesarean delivery

Childbirth: delivery and birth.flv

 THE TRANSITION FROM FETUS TO
NEWBORN

Pregnancy
Brain damage
The placenta and
umbilical cord Oxygen
Anoxia
Fetus

Well prepared and

Adrenaline, adapted the fetus
noradrenalin and
hormones

At Birth

Vernix Skin
caseosa
ASSESSING THE NEWBORN
Scales Definition Role

Apgar Scale A widely method to assessment the Evaluates infants’ heart rate,
health of newborns at one and five respiratory effort, muscle tone, body
minutes after birth. color, and reflex irritability.

Brazelton Neonatal A test given several days after birth. Assess newborns’ neurological
Behavioral Assessment development, reflexes, and reactions
Scale(NBAS) to people

Neonatal Intensive Care Described as an “offspring” of the .

Unit Network NBAS. Provides a more comprehensive
Neurobehavioral analysis of newborn’s behavior,
Scale(NNNS) neurological and stress responses, and
regulatory capacities.
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRETERM
INFANTS

Three related conditions post

threats to newborn

Low birth
weight and
preterm
infants
The incidence and causes of
low birth weights
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRETERM
INFANTS

Low birth weight Less than 2.3kg

at birth

Three
related 35 or fewer
conditions Being preterm (early
weeks at birth
post threats delivery)
to newborn

Birth weight is
Being small during the below normal
pregnancy when duration
of pregnancy is
considered
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRETERM
INFANTS
The incidence and causes of low birth weights

Incidences and causes of low Mother’s poor health and nutrition (Developing countries)
birth weight Cigarette smoking (Developed countries)

Survival rates for infants, Brain injuries, Lung and liver

Consequences of low birth diseases (at birth)
weights Learning disabilities, Attention deficit,
Breathing problem

Stabilized the preterm infants, heartbeat, temperature, and

Kangaroo care and massage breathing
therapy Longer period of sleep, gain more weight, decreasing
crying….
 THE POSTPARTUM PERIOD

The period after childbirth when the mother Physical adjustment

adjusts, both physically and psychologically,
to the process of childbirth.
Emotional and psychological
development

This period lasts for about six weeks or until

the body has completed its adjustment and Bonding
returned to a near pre-pregnant state.
PHYSICAL ADJUSTMENT

A woman’s body makes numerous physical adjustments in the first

days and weeks after childbirth.

Physical Involution is the Returned to

changes after process by which normal life
the delivery the uterus returns
before
to its pre-pregnant
size, 5 and 6 weeks pregnancy
after birth
EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT

Women begin to
“Baby Blues” feel depressed,
and anxious, and upset
Postpartum about two and
Depression three days after
Emotional and childbirth
psychological
development

A father’s Relationship
with the wife
adjustment
and baby
BONDING

 A physical bond between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after
birth.

 An emotional attachment between the parents and newborn.

 The weakness' of the maternal infant bonding.

Bonding: bonding.flv
ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

‫ (ووصينا اإلنسان بوالديه حملته أمه وهنـًا على وهن وفصاله في‬:]‫اآلية رقم في سورة [لقمان‬ 
. )31:14( ‫عامين‬

And We enjoined on man concerning his parents- his mother bore him in“
”.weakness upon weakness, and his weaning was in two years

َ ‫ضع َْن أَ ْوالَ َدهُ َّن َح ْولَي ِْن َكا ِملَي ِْن لِ َم ْن أَ َرا َد أَن يُتِ َّم الر‬
. )2:233 ( َ‫َّضا َعة‬ ُ ‫َو ْال َوالِ َد‬
ِ ْ‫ات يُر‬ 

“Mothers shall breastfeed their children for two whole years, for such as desire
to complete the term ”.