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    Lecture-7 (Measurement of KLa) )

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    Babu Ponnusami
    The document discusses several methods for measuring the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) in fermentation processes. The static or oxygen-balance method involves measuring oxygen levels in inlet and outlet gas streams at steady state. The sulfite oxidation method uses the oxidation of sulfite ions as an indicator reaction. The dynamic method applies an unsteady-state mass balance during re-oxygenation to determine kLa and oxygen uptake rate. Factors like bubble size, agitation, and presence of cells can affect cellular oxygen demand.

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    Lecture-7 (Measurement of KLa) )

    Uploaded by

    Babu Ponnusami
    547 views12 pages
    The document discusses several methods for measuring the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) in fermentation processes. The static or oxygen-balance method involves measuring oxygen levels in inlet and outlet gas streams at steady state. The sulfite oxidation method uses the oxidation of sulfite ions as an indicator reaction. The dynamic method applies an unsteady-state mass balance during re-oxygenation to determine kLa and oxygen uptake rate. Factors like bubble size, agitation, and presence of cells can affect cellular oxygen demand.

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    Kla measurement in Fermenter

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    Lecture-7(Measurement of KLa))

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    The document discusses several methods for measuring the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) in fermentation processes. The static or oxygen-balance method involves measuring oxygen levels in inlet and outlet gas streams at steady state. The sulfite oxidation method uses the oxidation of sulfite ions as an indicator reaction. The dynamic method applies an unsteady-state mass balance during re-oxygenation to determine kLa and oxygen uptake rate. Factors like bubble size, agitation, and presence of cells can affect cellular oxygen demand.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    547 views12 pages

    Lecture-7 (Measurement of KLa) )

    Uploaded by

    Babu Ponnusami
    The document discusses several methods for measuring the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) in fermentation processes. The static or oxygen-balance method involves measuring oxygen levels in inlet and outlet gas streams at steady state. The sulfite oxidation method uses the oxidation of sulfite ions as an indicator reaction. The dynamic method applies an unsteady-state mass balance during re-oxygenation to determine kLa and oxygen uptake rate. Factors like bubble size, agitation, and presence of cells can affect cellular oxygen demand.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 12

    Measurement of kLa

     Static method (Oxygen-Balance Method)


     Sulfite Oxidation Method
     Dynamic Method
    Static method (Oxygen-Balance Method):

     This technique is based on the equation for gas-liquid


    mass transfer .
    N A  k L  a  (C * C L )
     In the experiment, the oxygen content of gas streams
    flowing to and from the fermenter are measured.
     From a mass balance at steady state, the difference in
    oxygen flow between inlet and outlet must be equal to
    the rate of oxygen transfer from gas to liquid:

     NA is the total quantity of gas absorbed by the system


    per unit time and per unit volume
     where VL is the volume of liquid in the fermenter,
     Fg is the volumetric gas flow rate,
     CAG is the gas-phase concentration of oxygen, and
    subscripts i and o refer to inlet and outlet gas
    streams, respectively.
     Since gas concentrations are generally measured as
    partial pressures,

     Advantage of this method is that the method can


    be applied to fermenters during normal operation.
     It depends on accurate measurement of gas
    composition, flow rate, pressure and temperature
    Sulfite Oxidation Method
     It is referred as Chemical method(Cooper et al., 1944)
     It is based on the oxidation of sodium sulfite to sodium sulfate
    in the presence of catalyst (Cu++ or Co++).

     This reaction has following characteristics to be qualified for


    the measurement of the oxygen-transfer rate:
     1. The rate of this reaction is independent of the concentration
    of sodium sulfite within the range of 0.04 to 1 N.
     2. The rate of reaction is much faster than the oxygen transfer
    rate; therefore, the rate of oxidation is controlled by the rate of
    mass transfer alone.
     Procedure: Fill the fermenter with a 1 N sodium sulfite
    solution containing at least 0.003 M Cu++ ion.
     Turn on the air and start a timer when the first bubbles
    of air emerge from the sparger.
     Allow the oxidation to continue for 4 to 20 minutes,
    after which, stop the air stream, agitator, and timer at the
    same instant, and take a sample.
     Mix each sample with an excess of freshly pipetted
    standard iodine reagent.
     Titrate with standard sodium thiosulfate solution
    (Na2S2O3) to a starch indicator end point.
     Once the oxygen uptake is measured, the kLa may be
    calculated by using
    rA= kL a (C*AL-CAL)
    where CAL is zero and C*AL is the oxygen equilibrium
    concentration.
    Dynamic Method
     It is based on an unsteady-state mass balance for
    oxygen.
     The main advantage of the dynamic method over
    the steady-state technique is the low cost of the
    equipment needed.
     During the re-oxygenation step, the system is not
    at steady state.
     The rate of change in dissolved-oxygen
    concentration during this period is equal to the
    rate of oxygen transfer from gas to liquid, minus
    the rate of oxygen uptake by the cells:

     where qox is the rate of oxygen consumption.


     We can determine an expression for qox by
    considering the final steady dissolved-oxygen
    concentration, CAL.
     When CAt = CAL, - dCAL/dt= 0 because there is no
    change in CAL with time.
    Substituting this result gives
    Problem#1
     A 20L stirred fermenter containing a Bacillus thuringiensis
    culture at 30°C is used for production of microbial
    insecticide, kLa is determined using the dynamic method.
    Air flow is shut off for a few minutes and the dissolved-
    oxygen level drops; the air supply is then re-connected.
    When steady state is established, the dissolved-oxygen
    concentration is 78% air saturation. The following results
    are obtained.
     Problem# 2
    Factors Affecting Cellular
    Oxygen Demand
     Bubble Size
     Gas hold-up
     Gas Velocity
     Type of gas Sparger
     Type of agitation
     Power input to agitator
     Temperature
     Pressure
     Antifoaming agents
     Presence of cells
     Surface-active solutes.

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