Design and Fabrication of Multi

Functional Machine for Fruits and

Other Root Crops
Presented By
Aguda, Laica R.
Dastas, Leodynell S.
Mendoza, Mia Roda A.
 Project Background
Here in our country, fruit and root crops has a vast amount of numbers
in terms of its production. The good quality of the product or fruit is one of
the most important thing an entrepreneur should consider. It is necessary that
before producing and delivering, it must be on its great form and condition.
 DESIGN PROJECT OBJECTIVES
• The general objective of this project is to design and fabricate a Multi
Functional Machine for Fruit and Root Crops specifically, it aims to
• P.O.1. Design the machine according to the needs of the beneficiary.
• P.O.2. Fabricate a prototype based on the available sizes of the materials needed.
• P.O.3. Evaluate the effectiveness of the prototype based on the appearance of the
finish product.
• P.O.4. Calculate the overall expenditure necessary for the cost analysis of the
project.
Proposed Design
Time Frame
 PROTOTYPE COST
Materials Quantity Cost/ unit Cost (Php)
Bearing 40 45 1800.00
Cog (13 teeth) 28 70.00 1960.00
Chain Ring ( 32 teeth) 1 70.00 70.00
Chain Ring ( 39 teeth) 1 450.00 450.00
Chain Ring ( 52 teeth) 1 650.00 650.00
Chain (114 cm) 15 100.00 1500.00
Cost Analysis Strainer (Katsa)
PVC pipe ( 2 in x6m)
3
1
10.00
600.00
30.00
600.00
Brush for Roller 20 40.00 800.00
Top Brush 8 130.00 1040.00
Hose 1 50.00 50.00
Blower (4x4 in) 4 150.00 600.00
Pump 3 500.00 1500.00
Steel Rod (20 ft x 1/4in ) 2 800.00 1600.00
Plain Sheet (4x8 ft) 1 1350.00 1350.00
1x1x1/8"x 12 ft. Angular Bar 1 210.00 210.00
Flat Bar (1/8x1 in) 20 ft 3 138.00 414.00
TOTAL 14624.00
Contingency(50% Material Cost) 21936.00
 Production Cost
Documentation Cost Price (Php)
Print of Related Literatures 300.00
Copies for Panelists 4000.00
Grammarian 1500.00
Revision 500.00
TOTAL 6300.00

Transportation
Canvassing of Materials 300.00
Purchasing Materials 300.00
Location Visit 300.00
TOTAL 900.00
 Price (Php)
Fabrication Cost (contingency cost
40%) 36560.000

Documentation Cost 6300.00

Transportation 900.00

OVERALL TOTAL 43760.00

 Related Literature
DEVELOPMENT OF A FRUIT WASHING MACHINE
F. I. Oyeleke, A.M. Olaniyan, M. O. Sunmonu and S. K. Oyeniyi
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Nigeria.
Corresponding author: [email protected]
 ABSTRACT
A fruit washing machine was designed and fabricated taking into consideration the
techno-economic status of the micro, small and medium scale fruit farmers who are the
intended users of the machine. Considerations also included high washing capacity and
efficiency and the desire to make the construction materials of stainless steel to ensure
the quality of the washed product. Other consideration was a strong main frame as
support to ensure structural stability of the machine. The machine was designed for
ergonomic value, safety and ease of operation and maintenance by incorporating guards
around the moving parts and components. Rollers were also incorporated in the design
to ensure easy movement of the machine. The machine was tested using 50 samples of
orange for the washing operation. During the testing, the belt conveying mechanism was
such that the fruits were conveyed under high jet spray pressure in order to get rid of
the attached foreign materials. The test result showed that the washing capacity was
0.0163 tonnes/h or 16.3 kg/h and washing efficiency was 62.5 %. Powered by a 1 hp
single phase gear electric motor, the machine has a production cost of USD 300 while
all the construction materials were available locally.
 METHODOLOGY
Conceptual Framework
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

•A. Knowledge Requirement Design and Fabrication Stage Multi-functional Machine for Chikoo
•Fluid Machinery
•Materials Engineering
•Strength of Materials
•Machine Shop •Actual Gathering of data
•Machine Design
•B. Hardware Requirements •Design phase and selection stage
•Blower
•Sprockets •Fabrication
•Cogs Statistical Result Provided
•Chains •Performance Testing
•Pump Economical and Beneficial
•Brush •Cost Benefit analysis

Modification and or Adjustment of the System

Design Parameters
 For Driver (Sprocket/Cog):
According to www.meadinfo.org and
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/22
8883044
𝐹 = 45 𝑁 ; 𝑁 = 60 𝑟𝑝𝑚
According to Jollibike store:
13 teeth (𝑑 = 2.3125 𝑖𝑛)
0.3048 𝑚
𝑑 = 2.3125 𝑖𝑛
12 𝑖𝑛
𝑑 = 0.0587375 𝑚
 According to R.S. Capote,C.G. Duaso and J.A. Mandawe(2002),
2𝜋𝑇𝑁
𝑃= 𝑇 = 45 𝑁 (0.0587375 𝑚)
60
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑇 = 2.6431875 𝑁. 𝑚
Where: 2𝜋(2.6431875 𝑁. 𝑚)(60 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
𝑃=
P= power (W) 60
𝑃 = 16.60763686 𝑊
T= torque (N.m)
1 ℎ𝑝
N= rotative speed (rpm) 𝑃 = 16.60763686 𝑊 ( )
746 𝑊
𝑃 = 0.02226224781 ℎ𝑝
For Pump:
Assume that 60 chikoo per 5 minutes
40 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑘𝑜𝑜 0.3048 𝑚
: 𝑄 = 30 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑘𝑜𝑜: 14𝑖𝑛 0.4 𝑚 0.2 𝑚
5 𝑚𝑖𝑛 12 𝑖𝑛
0.3048 𝑚
40 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑘𝑜𝑜 14 𝑖𝑛 0.4 𝑚 0.2 𝑚 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑄= 12 𝑖𝑛
30 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑘𝑜𝑜 (5 𝑚𝑖𝑛) 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 3
𝑄 = 1.264355556𝑥10−4
𝑠
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑉
𝑚3 𝜋 0.003 𝑚 2
1.264355556𝑥10−4 = 10( )𝑉
𝑠 4
𝑚
𝑉 = 1.788697214
𝑠
 ℎ = 1.3 ℎ𝑣 + 𝑧
𝑚
(1.788697214 ) 2
ℎ = 1.3 𝑠 + 0.5 𝑚
𝑚
2(9.81 2 )
𝑠
ℎ = 0.8619912864 𝑚
𝑃 = 𝑄ɤ𝐻

−4
𝑚3 𝐾𝑁
𝑃 = 1.264355556𝑥10 9.81 3 0.8619912864 𝑚
𝑠 𝑚
𝑃 = 1.069156066𝑥10−3 𝐾𝑊
𝑃 = 3 1.069156066 𝑊
𝑃 = 3.207468199 𝑊
 Since it is manually operated,
60 𝑟𝑝𝑚: 16.60763686 𝑊
the ratio of driver and driven is
= 𝑛: 3.207468199 𝑊
4:1
3.207468199 𝑊 60 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑛= 𝑛1 = 60 𝑟𝑝𝑚
16.60763686 𝑊
𝑛2 = 15 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝑛 = 11.5879275 𝑟𝑝𝑚 ≈ 15 𝑟𝑝𝑚
if
Ratio:
60 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑁1 = 13 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
= 4: 1
15 𝑟𝑝𝑚 𝑁2 = 13 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ 4
𝑁2 = 52 𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑡ℎ
For Blower:
For Roller: Sprocket/Cog
For Shaft:
According to www.ezlok.com (Carbon Steel)
𝑆𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
According to https://www.nutrition-and-you.com/sapodilla.html
(1 sapodilla (10 cm in diameter) weight-150 grams)
𝑚
𝑤 = 0.15 𝑘𝑔 (9.81 2 )
𝑠
𝑤 = 1.4715 𝑁
24.18
𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1
74.13
𝜃 = 70.96269358𝑜
∑𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐹𝑆𝑖𝑛 70.96269358𝑜 + 𝐹𝑆𝑖𝑛 70.96269358𝑜 − 1.4715 𝑁
𝐹 = 0.7783190792 𝑁
Solving for friction force:
𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁
𝐹𝑓 = 1 1.4715 𝑁
𝐹𝑓 = 1.4175 𝑁
For total force:
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹 + 𝐹𝑓
𝐹𝑇 = 0.7783190792 𝑁 + (1.4175 𝑁)(2)
𝐹𝑇 = 3.72139079 𝑁
Bending Stress:
3.72139079 𝑁 (0.25 𝑚)
According to R.S. Capote, C.G. Duaso 𝑀=
4
and J.A. Mandawe(2002), 𝑀 = 0.2325869244 𝑁. 𝑚
𝑁
𝑀𝑐 415𝑥10 6
𝑆= 𝑚2
𝐼 0.25
0.2325869244 𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝑚)
𝑃𝐿 = 2
𝑀= 𝜋𝑑 4
4 64
Where: 𝑑 = 6.1463492𝑥10−3 𝑚
1 𝑖𝑛
S= bending stress (N) 𝑑 = 6.1463492 𝑚𝑚
25.4 𝑚𝑚
M= bending moment (N.m) 𝑑 = 0.241982255 𝑖𝑛
I= moment inertia (𝑚4 ) 1
𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛, 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡
4
c= distance from neutral axis to the
outermost fiber (m)
According to Faires: Factor of safety = 3 (Repeated, one direction,
mild shock)
0.25
415𝑥106 𝑁 0.2325869244 𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝑚)
= 2
3 𝑚 2 𝜋𝑑 4
64
𝑑 = 8.0890505𝑥10−3 𝑚
1 𝑖𝑛
𝑑 = 8.0890505 𝑚𝑚
25.4 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 0.3184665574 𝑖𝑛
3
𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛, 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡
8
Torsional Stress: According to Jollibike:
According to www.ezlok.com (Carbon Steel)
13 teeth (𝑑 = 2.3125 𝑖𝑛)
𝑆𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.3048 𝑚
According to R.S. Capote, C.G. Duaso and 𝑑 = 2.3125 𝑖𝑛
12 𝑖𝑛
J.A. Mandawe(2002)
16𝑇 𝑑 = 0.0587375 𝑚
𝑆=
𝜋𝑑 3 Force= 45 N (maximum force of hand)
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑑
Where:
𝑇 = 45 𝑁 (0.0587375 𝑚)
S= torsional stress (N)
𝑇 = 2.6431875 𝑁. 𝑚
T= torque (N.m)
D= diameter (m)
 16𝑇
𝑆=
𝜋𝑑3
6
𝑁 16(2.6431875 𝑁. 𝑚)
415𝑥10 2 =
𝑚 𝜋𝑑3
𝑑 = 3.18922115𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑑 = 3.18922115 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 0.08100597339 𝑖𝑛
1
𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛
8
According to Faires: Factor of safety = 3
(Repeated, one direction, mild shock)
415𝑥106 𝑁 16(2.6431875 𝑁. 𝑚)
2
=
3 𝑚 𝜋𝑑 3
𝑑 = 4.5996389𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑑 = 4.5996389 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 0.1810881492 𝑖𝑛
1
𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛 (Available in market)
4
Combined Stress:
16𝑇 𝑀𝑐
𝑆= +
𝜋𝑑 3 𝐼
0.25 𝑚
16(2.6431875 𝑁. 𝑚) 0.2325869244 𝑁. 𝑚 ( 2 )
𝑆= +
𝜋(9.525𝑥10−3 𝑚)3 𝜋(9.525𝑥10−3 𝑚)4
64
𝑆 = (15.57769257𝑥106 + 71.95574479𝑥106 )𝑃𝑎
𝑆 = 87.53343736 𝑀𝑃𝑎
According to Faires: Factor of safety = 3 (Repeated, one direction, mild shock)
𝑆𝑦
𝑆𝒅 =
𝑁
415𝑥106 𝑁
𝑆𝒅 =
3 𝑚2
𝑁
𝑆𝒅 = 138.3333 2
𝑚
For Shaft:
According to https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1222
(Galvanized Steel)
𝑆𝑦 = 550 𝑀𝑃𝑎
According to https://www.nutrition-and-you.com/sapodilla.html
(1 sapodilla (10 cm in diameter) weight-150 grams)
𝑚
𝑤 = 0.15 𝑘𝑔 (9.81 2 )
𝑠
𝑤 = 1.4715 𝑁
24.18
𝜃 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 −1
74.13
𝜃 = 70.96269358𝑜
∑𝑦 = 0
0 = 𝐹𝑆𝑖𝑛 70.96269358𝑜 + 𝐹𝑆𝑖𝑛 70.96269358𝑜 − 1.4715 𝑁
𝐹 = 0.7783190792 𝑁
Solving for friction force:
𝐹𝑓 = 𝜇𝑁
𝐹𝑓 = 1 1.4715 𝑁
𝐹𝑓 = 1.4175 𝑁
For total force:
𝐹𝑇 = 𝐹 + 𝐹𝑓
𝐹𝑇 = 0.7783190792 𝑁 + (1.4175 𝑁)(2)
𝐹𝑇 = 3.72139079 𝑁
Bending Stress:
𝑀𝑐
𝑆=
𝐼
𝑃𝐿
𝑀=
4
1 𝑖𝑛
3.72139079 𝑁 (0.25 𝑚) 𝑑 = 5.7284968 𝑚𝑚
𝑀= 25.4 𝑚𝑚
4
𝑀 = 0.2325869244 𝑁. 𝑚 𝑑 = 0.2255313729 𝑖𝑛
1
0.25 𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛, 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡
𝑁 0.2325869244 𝑁. 𝑚 ( 𝑚) 4
550𝑥106
= 2
𝑚2 𝜋𝑑 4
64
𝑑 = 5.7284968𝑥10−3 𝑚
According to Faires (4th edition) p.20
Factor of safety = 3 (Repeated, one direction, mild shock)
0.25
415𝑥106 𝑁 0.2325869244 𝑁. 𝑚 ( 2 𝑚)
=
3 𝑚2 𝜋𝑑 4
64
𝑑 = 7.5391258𝑥10−3 𝑚
1 𝑖𝑛
𝑑 = 7.5391258 𝑚𝑚
25.4 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 0.2968159789 𝑖𝑛
3
𝑑= 𝑖𝑛, 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡
8
Torsional Stress: Force= 45 N (maximum force of hand)
According to www.ezlok.com (Carbon Steel) 𝑇 = 𝐹𝑑
𝑆𝑦 = 550 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑇 = 45 𝑁 (0.0587375 𝑚)
According to R.S. Capote,C.G. Duaso and J.A. Mandawe(2002), 𝑇 = 2.6431875 𝑁. 𝑚
16𝑇 16𝑇
𝑆= 𝑆=
𝜋𝑑 3 𝜋𝑑 3
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑑 𝑁 16(2.6431875 𝑁. 𝑚)
550𝑥106 2 =
According to Jollibike Store @ Kumintang Ibaba: 𝑚 𝜋𝑑 3
𝑑 = 2.9034329𝑥10−3 𝑚
13 teeth (𝑑 = 2.3125 𝑖𝑛)
𝑑 = 2.9034329 𝑚𝑚
0.3048 𝑚
𝑑 = 2.3125 𝑖𝑛 𝑑 = 0.1143083829𝑖𝑛
12 𝑖𝑛
𝑑 = 0.0587375 𝑚 1
𝑑 = 𝑖𝑛
8
According to Faires (4th edition) p.20
Factor of safety = 3 (Repeated, one direction, mild shock)
550𝑥106 𝑁 16(2.6431875 𝑁. 𝑚)
=
3 𝑚2 𝜋𝑑 3
𝑑 = 4.1874748𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑑 = 4.1874748 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 0.1648612161 𝑖𝑛
1
𝑑= 𝑖𝑛 (Available in market)
4
Combined Stress:
16𝑇 𝑀𝑐
𝑆= +
𝜋𝑑 3 𝐼
0.25 𝑚
16(2.6431875 𝑁. 𝑚) 0.2325869244 𝑁. 𝑚 ( )
𝑆= + 2
𝜋(9.525𝑥10−3 𝑚)3 𝜋(9.525𝑥10−3 𝑚)4
64
𝑆 = (15.57769257𝑥106 + 71.95574479𝑥106 )𝑃𝑎
𝑆 = 87.53343736 𝑀𝑃𝑎
According to Faires (4th edition) p.20
Factor of safety = 3 (Repeated, one direction, mild shock)
𝑆𝑦
𝑆𝒅 =
𝑁
415𝑥106 𝑁
𝑆𝒅 =
3 𝑚2
𝑁
𝑆𝒅 = 138.3333 2
𝑚
For Bearing:
6203- 2RS Sealed Bearing Width: 12 mm
Ball diameter- 6.747 Dynamic Load: 2200
Ball grade 10 Static Load: 1030
Ball Material: AISI 52100 Chrome Steel Working Temperature: 121
Number of Balls: 8 Max. rpm: 24000 rev/min
Bearing Material: AISI 52100 Chrome Steel
No. of Seals: 2 According to RGP Balls World of Special Balls
Inside Diameter: 17 mm Compressive Strength of Chrome Steel – 2500-2600 MPa
Outside Diameter: 40 mm 𝐹
𝑆=
𝐴
𝑚
0.45 𝑘𝑔(9.81 2 )
𝑆= 𝑠
𝜋
4(0.017𝑚)2
𝑆 = 21.6098 𝐾𝑃𝑎
For Welding:
According to Design of Steel Structures – Prof. Dr. A. Varma
􀂃 The strength of the electrode should match the strength of the base metal.
- If yield stress (σy) of the base metal is ≤ 60 - 65 ksi, use E70XX electrode.
- If yield stress (σy) of the base metal is ≥ 60 - 65 ksi, use E80XX electrode.
􀂃 E70XX is the most popular electrode used for fillet welds made by the SMAW method.

According to www.ezlok.com (Carbon Steel)

𝑆𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
14.696 𝑝𝑠𝑖
𝑆𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.101325 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑆𝑦 = 60.19087096 𝑘𝑠𝑖
Since 𝑆𝑦 ≥ 60 − 65 𝑘𝑠𝑖, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐸80𝑋𝑋 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑒
According to Shigley, Table 9-3
𝑐 = 2𝜋 4.7625𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑆𝑦 = 462 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑐 = 0.02992367003 𝑚
𝐹
𝜎=
ℎ𝑙 𝑁 6
𝐹 = 𝜎ℎ𝑙 5.766279336 𝑁 = 0.707𝑠(462𝑥10 2 )(0.02992367003 𝑚)
𝑚
𝐹 = 0.707𝑠𝜎𝑙 𝑠 = 5.8999557396𝑥10−7 𝑚
Force: According to Faires (4th edition) p.20
𝐹𝑇 = 5.766279336 𝑁 Factor of safety = 3 (Repeated, one direction, mild shock)
Length: 462𝑥106 𝑁
5.766279336 𝑁 = 0.707𝑠( )(0.02992367003 𝑚)
L=circumference 3 𝑚2
𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑠 = 1.769867219𝑥10−6 𝑚
3 0.3048 𝑚
𝑖𝑛
𝑟=8 12 𝑖𝑛
2
𝑟 = 4.7625𝑥10−3 𝑚
For Shaft Load:
According to Shigley, Mechanical Engineering Design 9th Edition:
Using Carbon Steel
𝐾𝑁
𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 76.5
𝑚3
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑟2ℎ
𝑉 = 𝜋 4.7625𝑥10−3 𝑚 2
0.25𝑚
𝑉 = 𝜋 4.7625𝑥10−3 𝑚 2
0.25𝑚
𝑉 = 1.781393481𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑁
(1.78139348𝑥10−5 𝑚3 ) (76.5𝑥103 )
𝑚= 𝑚3
9.81 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝑚 = 0.1389160053 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 20
𝑚 = 2.778320106 𝑘𝑔
For Shaft Load:
Using Galvanized Steel
According to https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-density-of-galvanized-steel

𝑘𝑔
ρ = 7850
𝑚3
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑟2ℎ
𝑉 = 𝜋 4.7625𝑥10−3 𝑚 2
0.25𝑚
𝑉 = 𝜋 4.7625𝑥10−3 𝑚 2 0.25𝑚
𝑉 = 1.781393481𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝑚= 1.781393481𝑥10−5 𝑚3
(7850 3 )
𝑚
𝑚 = 0.1398393883𝑘𝑔 𝑥 20
𝑚 = 2.796787765 𝑘𝑔
For Roller Load:
According to https://formufit.com/pages/pvc-pipe-size-
According to
dimensions-chart
www.apsimplepsaltery.com
0.3048 𝑚 𝑘𝑔
𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙∅ = 1.5 𝑖𝑛 = 0.0381 𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 1467 3
12 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
0.3048 𝑚 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒∅ = 1.9 𝑖𝑛 = 0.04826 𝑚
12 𝑖𝑛 𝑚
𝜋 𝑑𝑜 − 𝑑𝑖 2 𝑘𝑔
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = (ℎ) = 1467 3
1.621463933𝑥10−5 𝑚3
4 𝑚
𝑚 = 0.0237868759 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 20
𝜋 0.04826 − 0.0381 2
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = (0.20) 𝑚 = 0.4757 𝑘𝑔
4
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 1.621463933𝑥10−5 𝑚3
For Sorter Load: 𝑉2 = 0.07 𝑚 0.22 𝑚 2.052𝑥10−3 𝑚
According to engineershandbook.com: 𝑉2 = 3.16008𝑥10−5 𝑚3
Using Aluminum (Gauge 12)
𝑉3 = 0.1 𝑚 0.22 𝑚 2.052𝑥10−3 𝑚
Thickness- 2.052 mm
𝑉3 = 4.5144𝑥10−5 𝑚3
According to Shigley Mechanical Engineering
Design 9th Edition 𝑉1,2,3 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
𝑘𝑔 𝑉1,2,3
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = 2770 𝑚3 = 1.80576𝑥10−5 𝑚3 + 3.16008𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑚 = 𝑉𝜌 + 4.5144𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑥𝑊𝑥𝑇 𝑉1,2,3 = 9.48024𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑉𝑇 = 0.583095 𝑚 0.22 𝑚 2.052𝑥10−3 𝑚 𝑉𝐿𝑅 = 0.05 𝑚 0.583095 𝑚 2.052𝑥10−3 𝑚 (2)
𝑉𝑇 = 2.632324068𝑥10−4 𝑚3 𝑉𝐿𝑅 = 1.19651094𝑥10−4 𝑚3
𝑉1 = 0.04 𝑚 0.22 𝑚 2.052𝑥10−3 𝑚 𝑉𝐹 = 0.05 𝑚 0.22 𝑚 2.052𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑉1 = 1.80576𝑥10−5 𝑚3 𝑉𝐹 = 2.2572𝑥10−5 𝑚3
 𝑉𝐵 = 0.05 𝑚 0.22 𝑚 2.052𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑉𝐵 = 2.2572𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑉𝑠𝐿𝑅 = 0.05 𝑚 0.05 𝑚 2.052𝑥10−3 𝑚 (2)
𝑉𝑠𝐿𝑅 = 1.026𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝑉1,2,3 + 𝑉𝐿𝑅 + 𝑉𝐹 + 𝑉𝐵 + 𝑉𝑠𝐿𝑅
𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
= 2.632324068𝑥10−4 𝑚3 − 9.48024𝑥10−5 𝑚3 + 1.19651094𝑥10−4 𝑚3 + 2.2572𝑥10−5 𝑚3
+ 2.2572𝑥10−5 𝑚3 + 1.026𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 3.434851008𝑥10−4 𝑚3
𝑚 = 𝑉𝜌
𝑘𝑔
𝑚= 3.434851008𝑥10−4 𝑚3 2770 3
𝑚
𝑚 = 0.9514537292 𝑘𝑔
According to engineershandbook.com
Using Steel (Gauge 13) 𝑉2 = 0.07 𝑚 0.22 𝑚 2.278𝑥10−3 𝑚
Thickness- 2.278 mm 𝑉2 = 3.50812𝑥10−5 𝑚3
According to Shigley Mechanical Engineering Design 9th Edition 𝑉3 = 0.1 𝑚 0.22 𝑚 2.278𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 = 7750 𝑉3 = 5.0116𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑚3
𝑚 = 𝑉𝜌 𝑉1,2,3 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3
𝑉1,2,3
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑥𝑊𝑥𝐻 = 2.00464𝑥10−5 𝑚3 + 3.50812𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑉𝑇 = 0.583095 𝑚 0.22 𝑚 2.278𝑥10−3 𝑚 + 5.0116𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑉1,2,3 = 1.052436𝑥10−4 𝑚3
𝑉𝑇 = 2.922238902𝑥10−4 𝑚3
𝑉1 = 0.04 𝑚 0.22 𝑚 2.278𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑉1 = 2.00464𝑥10−5 𝑚3
 𝑉𝐿𝑅 = 0.05 𝑚 0.583095 𝑚 2.278𝑥10−3 𝑚 (2)
𝑉𝐿𝑅 = 1.32829041𝑥10−4 𝑚3
𝑉𝐹 = 0.05 𝑚 0.22 𝑚 2.278𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑉𝐹 = 2.5058𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑉𝐵 = 0.05 𝑚 0.22 𝑚 2.278𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑉𝐵 = 2.5058𝑥10−5 𝑚3 𝑚 = 𝑉𝜌
𝑉𝑠𝐿𝑅 = 0.05 𝑚 0.05 𝑚 2.278𝑥10−3 𝑚 (2) 𝑘𝑔
𝑚= 3.813153312𝑥10−4 𝑚3 7750 3
𝑉𝑠𝐿𝑅 = 1.139𝑥10−5 𝑚3 𝑚
𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝑇 − 𝑉1,2,3 + 𝑉𝐿𝑅 + 𝑉𝐹 + 𝑉𝐵 + 𝑉𝑠𝐿𝑅 𝑚 = 2.955193817 𝑘𝑔
𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙
= 2.922238902𝑥10−4 𝑚3 − 1.052436𝑥10−4 𝑚3
+ 1.32829041𝑥10−4 𝑚3 + 2.5058𝑥10−5 𝑚3
+ 2.5058𝑥10−5 𝑚3 + 1.139𝑥10−5 𝑚3
𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 3.813153312𝑥10−4 𝑚3
For Container Load:
According to engineershandbook.com:
Using Aluminum (Gauge 12)
Thickness- 2.052 mm
According to Shigley Mechanical Engineering Design 9th Edition
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = 2770 𝑚3
𝑚 = 𝑉𝜌
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑥𝑊𝑥𝑇
𝑉𝑜 = 0.22 𝑚 0.4 𝑚 0.782 𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = 0.068816 𝑚3
𝑉𝑖 = (0.22 𝑚 − 2.052𝑥10−3 𝑚) 0.4 𝑚 − 2.052𝑥10−3 𝑚 0.782 𝑚 − 2.052𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑉𝑖 = 0.06764642709 𝑚3
 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑇 = 0.068816 𝑚3 − 0.06764642709 𝑚3
𝑉𝑇 = 1.169572913𝑥10−3 𝑚3
𝑉𝐷 = 0.22 𝑚 0.4 𝑚 2.052𝑥10−3 𝑚 2
𝑉𝐷 = 3.61152𝑥10−4 𝑚3
𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝑇 + 𝑉𝐷
𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 1.169572913𝑥10−3 𝑚3 + 3.61152𝑥10−4 𝑚3
𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 1.530724913𝑥10−3 𝑚3
𝑚 = 𝑉𝜌
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 1.530724913𝑥10−3 𝑚3 2770
𝑚3
𝑚 = 4.24010801 𝑘𝑔
According to engineershandbook.com:
Using Aluminum (Gauge 13)
Thickness- 2.278 mm
According to Shigley Mechanical Engineering Design 9th Edition
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑚 = 7750 𝑚3
𝑚 = 𝑉𝜌
𝑉 = 𝐿𝑥𝑊𝑥𝑇
𝑉𝑜 = 0.22 𝑚 0.4 𝑚 0.782 𝑚
𝑉𝑜 = 0.068816 𝑚3
𝑉𝑖 = (0.22 𝑚 − 2.278𝑥10−3 𝑚) 0.4 𝑚 − 2.278𝑥10−3 𝑚 0.782 𝑚 − 2.278𝑥10−3 𝑚
𝑉𝑖 = 0.06751833403 𝑚3
 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝑖
𝑉𝑇 = 0.068816 𝑚3 − 0.06751833403 𝑚3
𝑉𝑇 = 1.297665965𝑥10−3 𝑚3
𝑉𝐷 = 0.22 𝑚 0.4 𝑚 2.278𝑥10−3 𝑚 2
𝑉𝐷 = 4.00928𝑥10−4 𝑚3
𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝑉𝑇 + 𝑉𝐷
𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 1.297665965𝑥10−3 𝑚3 + 4.00928𝑥10−4 𝑚3
𝑉𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 1.698593965𝑥10−3 𝑚3
𝑚 = 𝑉𝜌
𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 1.698593965𝑥10−3 𝑚3 7750
𝑚3
𝑚 = 13.16410323 𝑘𝑔