Impact of Urbanization and Industrialization and

Role of EIA on Sustainable Development

DR. I.D. MALL

Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee
Roorkee- 247667
Prof. I.D. MALL
Ph.D.(Chemical Engg.)
Head
Department of Chemical Engg.
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Research Publications: 210 Research projects: 6

Short term Courses organized: 21 Participation as Resource person: 42
Area of specialization: Environmental Engg., Hydro carbon Engg.
Chemical technology
Awards & Recognition:
•Institution of Engineers “The Nawab Zain Jung Bahadur Memorial
Medal for 1996-97” in area of Environment
•Shikha Rattan Puraskar by India International Friendship Society (2007)
•The Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management (U.S.A) “
RUSSELL ACKOFF AWARD” 2003 for Best paper
•Society of Geoscientists and Allied Technologies “Best paper award in 2013 .
Prof. I.D. MALL
Ph.D.(Chemical Engg.)
Head
Department of Chemical Engg.
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee

Books/NPTEL Course
1. "Petrochemical Process Technology” published by Macmillan
India Ltd. 2007,
Second edition of the book UNDER Prrint by Laxmi
Publication
2. “Petroleum refining technology” Under Print by CBS
publication New Delhi
3. “Organic Chemical Technology” Under NEPTL scheme MHRD
2013 (Completed)
4. “Organic Chemical Technology” Video course under NPTEL
2013 (Completed)
 COVERAGE
 Environment: Ancient & Modern
 Sustainable Development
 Urban population growth – Indian scenario
 Impact of Industrialization and Urbanization
 Environmental Pollution
 Climate Changes
 Deforestation
 Loss of Bio-diversity
 Role of EIA and LCA in
sustainable development
 Conclusion
Sustainable development is the peace policy of the future
 Urbanization In India
Positive Aspect Negative aspects
1. Urbanization led to increased recognition 1. Increased crowding of people in the cities.
of India on the Global Map. 2. Increased problem of housing, slums,
2. Increased economical growth of the transport, water supply and sanitation,
country water pollution, inadequate provision for
3. Increased number of job opportunities in social infrastructure (School, Hospital,
the country etc..)
4. Development of new and world class 3. Increased urban poverty.
infrastructure 4. Decreased rural growth and increased
5. The standard of living in the country pressure on agricultural resources.
metropolitans increased. 5. Illiterate, low-skill and no-skill migrants
6. People started becoming more aware about from rural areas were absorbed in poor low
the latest trends in the market. grade urban informal sector at a very low
7. Literacy level among people increased. wage rate and urban informal sector
8. New venues in business developed. became in-efficient and unproductive.
9. Various corporate sectors developed in top
cities of India like Mumbai, Bangaluru,
Hydrabad, etc.
10. Reclassification of area.
ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALISATION &
URBANISATION & SUSTAIABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Rapid industrialization, urbanization and fast economic growth
worldwide phenomenon.
 1950: 29.3% of the global population in urban area,
 Present share of urban population more than 48%, to cross
50% mark in 2008.
 By 2030, global urban population: twice the size of rural
population.
 By 2025, more than three fifth of the world population will live
in urban area.
 Urban population growth rate 1.548% annual in India(2009)
 Growth of urban population in the developing countries is
running at much faster rate than the developed countries.
Negative Consequences of
Development

Migration of Population to cities

Densely Population Communities
More people living on marginal lands
Greater unplanned settlements due to
land scarcity
High risk due to natural and manmade
hazards.
INDIA - A PROFILE And Driving Forces for
Development

Surface Area 3.287 Million Km2

Population 1. 2 Billion
Coastline 6,000 km
Port traffic Over 350 Mn TPA
Road Length Over 3 Million Km
Railways 100,000 Track Km
(Largest in Asia, 2nd in the world)
Growth of Population 1951: 36 Crore To present 130 Crore
Growth in vehicle population: more than five fold
India’s passenger vehicle production projections :
In 2010 – 2.6 million Vehicles
By 2015 – 5.1 million Vehicles
By 2020 – 9.7 million Vehicles
Contribution of GDP by: Agriculture: 25%,
I Industry : 24% Services: 51%
India is at that stage of its
development where bold
policy decision have the
potential to accelerate its
economy and thus lead
hundreds of millions out of
poverty and into prosperity.
Continue……..

Experts predict 85%,that growth will level off by

the 2070
INDIA:
Total population 1.2 billion ( world 7.3 billions
The percentage of population below poverty line
in the country has gone down from 55% in 1973-
74 to 27.5% in 2004-05.
For urban areas the percentage of poor has
reduced from 49% in 1993-74 to 25.7% in 2004-05.
Negative Consequences of
Development

Migration of Population to cities

Densely Population Communities
More people living on marginal lands
Greater unplanned settlements due to
land scarcity
High risk due to natural and manmade
hazards.
Fast growing unplanned and indiscriminate urbanization:
Cause of recent ecological imbalances

MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS WHICH MANKIND IS

FACING DUE TOURBAN AND INDUSTRIAL
DEVELOPMENT ARE:

 Large scale contamination of water and air.

 Deforestation
 Increase in urban slums
 Generation of huge solid waste consisting of hazardous
material.
 Water scarcity and ground water depletion.
 Global warming
 Greenhouse effect
 Ozone layer depletion
Population Rate in Developed & Developing
Countries
Projections for the increase in the world’s population and
its urban population, 2005 – 2025

Population Increase in
(millions) population
(millions)

2005 2025 2005-2025

Urban population, high-income nations 906 995 90

Urban population, low- and middle-income 2,266 3,584 1,317

nations
World urban population 3,172 4,579 1,407

World total population 6,454 7,851 1,398

 PAST & PRESENT CONCEPT
ENVIRONMENT

PAST CONCEPT PRESENT CONCEPT

Social Economic LIVING NON-LIVING

ENVIRONMENT

Environmental
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
Our Ancient Environment
The Vedas proclaim that all beings are made up of five elements called
“Panch Tatva”. These elements are part of the Supreme.

Pawak (Fire)
is Furious

Gagan (Sky)
is Zenith

Jal (Water) is Vayu (Wind) is

Colorless Gaseous

Kshiti (Earth) is Solid

 Ancient Sustainability Concept

Quest for `Power`

Quest for `Ratnas`

Lord Shiva showed the way to process the elements

damaging environment and pioneered the concept of
'Sustainable Development'.
Sustainable Development
Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of the future generations to meet
their own needs.

SOCIE-
ECONOMIC
 ORIGIN OF THE SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPT

 The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development

 The Convention of Climate Change

 Convention on Biological Diversity

 Conservation and Sustainable

 Development of All Types of Forests (Forests Principles

program).
 FACTORS INFLUENCING SUSTAINABILITY

 Universally accepted
 Technology that benefits all
 Improvement in quality of life
 Indigenous knowledge
 Least-cost production
 Nontoxic
 Awareness
 Antipollution
 Safe
 Stable
 Beautiful
 Income
 Total quality
 Youth
 Mahatma Gandhi [when asked if, after
independence, India would attain British
standards of living]:
“It took Britain half the resources of the planet
to achieve its prosperity; how many planets
will a country like India require?”
ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Reviving growth.
Changing the quality of growth.
Meeting essential needs for jobs, food,
energy, water, and sanitation.
Conserving and enhancing the resource
base.
Reorienting technology and managing risk.
Merging environment and economics in
decision making.
CARRYING CAPACITY

The number of people the earth can support

Biological: maximum limits of global food
production
Cultural: quality of life, the environment,
future generations
Cultural carrying capacity: the size of a
population that can live in a long-term,
sustained balance with the environment at a
reasonable quality of life with land
 Economic Progress
Quality of Life
CARRYING CAPACITY

Output

Developmental Activities

Input Wastes / Residuals

Resources Environment

Supportive Assimilative
Capacity Capacity

Carrying Capacity
Reuse Society's need
for products
and services
en_US
Submit

Every once in a w

Plastic bags kill animals About 100,000 animals such as dolphins, turtles whales, penguins are killed every year due to plastic ba
en_US
Submit
Yammuna pollution
Now lets see what is happening with the
Environment in current situation
Noise Pollution during Celebrations
Environmental Problems

Human Actions and their need for living are

creating problems to our Environment.

Water Pollution
Global Warming
Air Pollution
Solid Waste
Noise pollution
Climate Change
Deforestation
Issue #1
Water Pollution

“We never know the worth of water

till the well is dry”
Breakdown of Global Fresh Water Reserve

 Total global water reserves is ~1400 MM Tr liters, of which

Freshwater consists of only about 35 MM Tr liters
 Total global water reserves is ~1400 MM Tr liters, of which
Freshwater consists of only about 35 MM Tr liters
 Every year, 0.11 MM Tr liters of precipitation falls on land
•92% of this is lost due to surface runoff, evaporation, etc.
Ganga has hardly 15% of it as water, rest is sewage and sludge. In UP, situation is most
grim. The river stretch beyond Kanpur hardly has any water available for six mont
Water Consumption for Various Purposes:

Types of Normal Averag %

Consumption Range e
(lit/capita/d
ay)
1 Domestic
65-300 160 35
Consumption
2 Industrial and
Commercial 45-450 135 30
Demand
3 Public Uses
including Fire 20-90 45 10
Demand
4 Losses and
45-150 62 25
Waste
Water in India
 WATER SCARCITY AND WATER POLLUTION

 The wars of the next century will be over water – not oil or politics and
it is feared that the growing water scarcity is causing interstate tension
which may explode into violent conflicts over the earth’s fundamental
water resources.

 Global water consumption increased 6 times in the past century

 1/3rd of people have less than adequate water could rise to 2/3 to 2035

 The World Bank estimates that more than 20% of communicable

diseases in India are related to unclean water.

 65% of the country’s population in 212 class I cities generated 1214

million litres per day of waste water. Class I and Class II generated
2000 crore lit sewage treat only 200 crore lit.
 GLOBAL WATER SCARCITY

One third of the world’s population is already living in countries with

moderate to high water stress, where water consumption is more than 10
percent of the renewable fresh water supply.

In urban areas of South America, Africa, and Asia, 95% of all sewage is
discharged untreated into rivers

Roughly 20 percent of the world’s population (1.1 billion), lack access to

safe drinking water and around 50 percent adequate sanitation.

By 2025, India, China and select countries in Europe and Africa will face
water scarcity if adequate and sustainable water management initiatives
are not implemented
 INDIA WATER SCARCITY

 Two thirds of India’s surface water are contaminated sufficiently to

be considered dangerous to human health. 70% of water in India is
polluted.

 More than 75 percent of India’s rural population does not have

access to public water supplies, the World Bank reports

 Increased urbanization is driving an increase in per capita water

consumption in towns and cities.

 Water scarcity has been a major problem in most of the cities in

India.

 Ganga water at Varanasi: Coliform count in upstream and

downstream more than 13 times and 300 times the safe limit
respectively in the downstream.
 On April 01, 2010 at least 18 babies in several hamlets of Bihar’s
Bhojpur district have been born blind in the past three months
because their families consume groundwater containing alarming
levels of arsenic
According to a United Nations report released on March 22, 2010 -
- titled "Sick Water?" -- 90 percent of wastewater discharged daily
in developing countries is untreated, contributing to the deaths of
some 2.2 million people a year from diarrheal diseases caused by
unsafe drinking water and poor hygiene. At least 1.8 million children
younger than 5 die every year from water-related diseases.
 India is surrounded by water bodies on three sides yet we face
water shortage every year!
 The per capita water availability in India was 3,450 cu m in 1951.
by 2025, the annual per capita availability of water is expected to
fall drastically from the current 1800 cu m per person to 100 –
1500 cu m.
 Mumbai’s demand for water is expected to rise to 7950 MLD
(million litres daily) by 2011. current supply is around 3100 MLD-
already a substantial shortfall as the city receives only 2500 MLD
 Delhi Jal Board is able to supply only around 650 million gallons
of water per day against the demand of 750 million.
 According to world bank study of 27 Asian countries with
population over 10,00,000, Kolkata is the fourth worst performing
metro in terms of hours of water availability per day.

(Reports from THE TIMES OF INDIA, NEW DELHI, WEDNESDAY, 22nd March 2006)
“Past we know, Present we are facing, Future is here”
Save Water or Prepare for worst future
Yamuna - river, or a drain?

 To call Yamuna a river, particularly in Delhi, is an

aberration of the first order. The water is black
and oil-laden with suspended pollutants.

 Yamuna leaving New Delhi receives 200 million

litre of untreated sewage per day and has
coliform 25 million organisms per 100 millimeter
against the safe level for drinking water 100
organisms per 100 millimeter.

 Yamuna has become a sewer for disposal of

wastes from 50,000 industries and sewage from 8
million people.
WATER POLLUTION IN YAMUNA
Site 1996 2006
DO, mg/l BOD, mg/l DO, mg/l BOD, mg/l
Sonepat 9.75 3.00 8.40 2.5
Nizamudin Bridge, 0.3 25.0 0.00 31.30
Delhi
Mathura, UP 8.50 2.50 5.77 15.00
 Ganga-River
 The majority of the Ganga pollution is organic waste, sewage, trash, food, and
human and animal remains.
 Nearly over 1.3 billion liters per day of WW- goes directly into the river.
 260 million liters of industrial waste are added to river by hundreds of factories.
Municipal sewage constitutes 80 per cent by volume of the total waste dumped
into the Ganga, and industries contribute about 15 percent.
 An estimated 80% of all health problems and one-third of deaths in India are
attributable to water-borne diseases.
 The industrial pollutants also a major source of contamination in the Ganga. The
major polluting industries on the Ganga are the leather industries, especially near
Kanpur, which use large amounts of Chromium and other toxic chemical waste.
 This hazardous waste includes hydrochloric acid, mercury and other heavy
metals, bleaches and dyes, pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls highly toxic
compounds that accumulate in animal and human tissue.
 As per an estimate, about 80-90% of the tanneries use chromium as a tanning
agent. The hides take up only 50-70%, while the rest is discharged as effluent.
 Ganga Water Pollution
The state of Uttar Pradesh alone is responsible for over 50% of the
pollutants entering the river along its entire journey to the sea.
Site 1996 2006
DO, mg/l BOD, mg/l DO, mg/l BOD, mg/l
Rishikesh 8.10 1.70 8.30 1.00
Haridwar 8.10 1.80 8.10 1.30
Kanpur 6.70 8.60 3.90 6.80
Allahabad 6.60 15.50 8.50 3.20
Varanashi 5.90 10.60 8.65 2.25
 IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION

Water Pollution

 851 industries Discharging 100 +kg BOD

 Tamil Nadu Highest Polluter
 Grasim Industries
 687k Gallons/day of Industrial Waste
disposed into Ganges
 Food and Agro Based Industries contribute
65-70% of Total Industrial water waste
 MAJOR POLLUTING INDUSTRIES
By Industrial Sectors–
17 Key industry sectors
Industry # of Units Leather 70

Aluminum 07 Pesticide 71
Caustic 25 petrochemical 49
Copper 02 Pharma 251
Cement 116 Pulp& Paper 96
Distillery 177 Refinery 12
Dyes 64 Sugar 392
Fertilizer 110
TPP 97
Iron & 08
Steel Zinc 04
 OCEAN POLLUTION
 6 million tonnes of plastics bottles, packaging material, and other litter
tossed from ships into ocean annually
 Few coastal lines in the world remain uncontaminated by oil or oil
products
 Pollution in the ocean is a major problem that is affecting the ocean
and the rest of the Earth, Pollution in the ocean directly affects ocean
organisms and indirectly affects human health and resources. Oil
spills, toxic wastes, and dumping of other harmful materials are all
major sources of pollution in the ocean.
Issue#2
Ocean Pollution
 OCEAN POLLUTION
6 million tonnes of plastics bottles, packaging material,
and other litter tossed from ships into ocean annually
Few coastal lines in the world remain uncontaminated
by oil or oil products
Seabird harmed by oil pollution
Issue#3
Air Pollution
“It introduction of chemicals, particulate matter or biological
material that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other
living organisms, or damages the natural environment into the
atmosphere”
SOURCES OF AIR TOXICS

India's per capita carbon dioxide emissions were

roughly 3,000 pounds (1,360 kilograms) in 2007
AIR POLLUTION
 Automobile exhaust cause of major concern during
recent yeas, contributing significantly to urban air
pollution problem.
 About 5 million people from Delhi suffer from
respiratory illness. 2000 fatal accidents every year,
10 -12% rise in Delhi.
 Lead level in many of the cities was at alarming
situation. Situation has improved with phasing out of
lead
 Vehicle emissions are responsible for 70% of the
country’s air pollution in India.
 In India air pollution is estimated to cause, at the
very minimum, 1 lakh excess deaths and 25 million
excesses illnesses every year
 Health Effect
 The WHO states: 2.4 million people die each year of these
deaths attributable to air pollution.

 Bhopal Disaster: Leaked industrial vapors from the Union

Carbide factory, belonging to Union Carbide, killed more than
2,000 people outright and injured anywhere from 150,000 to
600,000 others, some 6,000 of whom would later die from their
injuries.

 The health effects caused by air pollutants may range

from subtle biochemical and physiological changes to
difficulty in breathing, wheezing, coughing and
aggravation of existing respiratory and cardiac
conditions.
CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS

 NITROGEN DIOXIDE: NO2

 Brownish gas irritates the respiratory system Originates
from combustion (N2 in air is oxidized); NOx sum of NO, NO2,
other oxides of N
 OZONE: GROUND LEVEL O3
 Primary constituent of urban smog
 Reaction of VOC + NOx in presence of heat +sun light
 CARBON MONOXIDE: CO
 Reduces bloods ability to carry O2
 LEAD: PB
 Cause learning disabilities in children, toxic to liver, kidney, blood forming
organs
 tetraethyl lead – anti knock agent in gasoline
 leaded gasoline has been phased out
 PARTICULATE MATTER: PM10 (PM 2.5)
 respiratory disorders
 SULFUR DIOXIDE: SO2
 formed when fuel (coal, oil) containing S is burned and metal smelting
 precursor to acid rain along with NOx
ENVIRONMENTAL EMISSIONS
 Delhi – total pollution load declines from 412,000 tonnes –
328,000 tonnes (1998-2020)
 By 2020, two wheelers and cars contribute 80% HC
emissions in Delhi
 Two wheelers alone contribute 70% of CO2 emissions
 Annual Pollution load in Mumbai declines by 40%
 Particulates, SOx and NOx declines due to the decline in
diesel usage
 CO2 emissions by 2020 under BAU in Delhi would be 2.57
times the present value
 In Mumbai it would be 2.7 times
 CO2 emissions in Delhi are 2.4 times higher than Mumbai at
any given time
IMPACTS OF AIR POLLUTION

Greenhouse effect
Ozone depletion
Acidification
Smog formation
Eutrophication
Human health
 Status of National Ambient Air Quality Standards in India(2009)
Concentration in Ambient Air
Time
Industrial, Ecologically Sensitive
Pollutant Weighted Methods of
Residential, Rural Area (Notified by
Average Measurement
and other Area Central Government)
Improved West and
Annual* 50 20
Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), µg/m3 Gaeke Ultraviolet
24 Hours** 80 80
Fluorecence
Jacob & Hochheiser
Annual* 40 30
Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), µg/m3 Modified (Na-
24 Hours** 80 80
Arsenite)
Pariculate Matter (Size Less than Annual* 60 60 Gravimetric Toem
10µm) or PM10 µg/m3 24 Hours** 100 100 Beta Attenuation
Pariculate Matter (Size Less than Annual* 40 40 Gravimetric Toem
2.5µm) or PM2.5 µg/m3 24 Hours** 60 60 Beta Attenuation
UV Photometric
8 Hours** 100 100
Ozone (O3) µg/m3 Chemilminescence
1 Hours** 180 180
Chemical Method
AAS/ ICP Method
After Sampling on
Annual* 0.50 0.50
Lead (Pb) µg/m3 EPM 2000 or
24 Hours** 1.0 1.0
Equivalent Filter
Paper
Non Dispersive Infra
8 Hours** 2 2
Carbon Monoxide(CO) mg/m3 Reb (NDIR)
1Hours** 4 4
Spectroscopy
Issue#4
Noise Pollution
 Noise Pollution
 The source of most outdoor noise worldwide is
mainly construction and transportation systems, including motor
vehicle noise, aircraft noise and rail noise. Poor urban planning may give
rise to noise pollution, since side-by-side industrial and residential buildings
can result in noise pollution in the residential area.
Ambient Noise Standards++
LeqdB(A)
Area Night
Day Time*
Time**
Industrial Area 75 70
Commercial Area 65 55
Residential Area 55 45
Silence Zone*** 50 40
- CONSTRUCTIVE NOISE: Can be significant source of Communit
- OPERATIONAL PHASE NOISE: Noise emission from pump,
compressors, highways, power plants, recovery boilers, blast
furnace areas, military training activities.
NOISE IMPACT ON HUMAN SYSTEM

 Damage hearing or health

 Interference with work tasks
 Interference with speech communication
 Affect inter room privacy
 Interference with sleep
 Cause annoyance
 Ecological effects on wild life
 Effect on domestic and farm animal
 Sleep disturbance
Issue#5
Biodiversity With the loss of tropical
forests, Earth’s biodiversity
will decline….
50% of plant, animals, and
microorganisms live in rain
forests….
Biodiversity has been seen as
the total (and irreducible)
complexity of all life,
including not only the great
variety of organisms but also
their varying behavior and
interactions
DEFORESTATION AND LOSS OF BIO-DIVERSITY

 Biodiversity now fundamental component of

sustainable development.
 With the loss of tropical forests, Earth’s biodiversity
will decline….
 50% of plant, animals, and microorganisms live in
rain forests….
 Biodiversity has been seen as the total (and
irreducible) complexity of all life, including not only
the great variety of organisms but also their varying
behavior and interactions
 Soil loss and erosion
 Dramatic increase in the 2nd half of 20th century
 Highest erosion rates in poorer countries
Cont………..
 Deserts will expand because of land use pressure, grazing.
Deforestation, increased cultivation, draught
 Recent Loss of>20% of tropical forests
 Estimate that only10% will be left by 2nd half of the century
 India has less than 2% of total forest area in the world, supports over
15% of the world population.
 Forest over in Delhi only 23% against head of 25%.
 The per capita forest area decreased from 0.20 hectare in 1981 to 0.11
hectare in 1991.
 Dense forest 40 to 11.73 % Forest cover only 12% against head of 33%.
Forest over in Delhi only 23% against head of 25%.
 Dense forest 40 to 11.73 % Forest cover only 20% against head of 33%.
The concentration of CO2 in the
atmosphere has increased by 25-30%.
Some area nitrogen and phosphate
concentration in soil and water have
increased and caused a loss of
biodiversity, in other area overexploitation
has lead to erosion and Stalinization.
Issue#6
CLIMATIC CHANGES
CLIMATIC CHANGES
 By 2020, the world’s appetite for energy is likely to be about 75 %
higher than what it was in 1990, barring major changes in energy
policies, environmental policies, and/or technologies. Atmospheric
concentrations of CO2 are currently about 30 % above pre-industrial
levels and are rising.

 By 2020, 1oC warmer

 By 2070, 3oC warmer

 A rise of 3oC would make the world hotter than it has been for the last
2 million years.

 Due to the global warming sea levels expected to increase by a meter

or more by next century. Heat island and another important
phenomenon affects the urban environment.
Acid Rain
Issue#7
Global Warming
GLOBAL WARMING

 GHGs: CO2, water vapour, methane, etc., trap infrared radiation

from Earth: greenhouse effect – essential for life
 Swedish scientist Arhhenius calculated effect of doubling CO2 in
1896 – 5 degree C. rise close to modern climate models
 CO2 increased by 30% since pre-industrial times; will double by
mid-Century
 Mean global temperature increased by 0.6 C. over same period;
sea levels by 10 – 20 cm, mostly from warming
 Models predict 3 – 6 degree C. rise by 2100 without ‘feedback’
 About 7 billion tonnes (Gt) of anthropogenic carbon emissions
p.a., 20% from burning (tropical) forest But smoke, dust and
sulphate aerosols from coal and forest burning reflect more
incoming radiation and cool the earth
 Barriers in mitigation of Global Warming

Growing development
Luxury life style
Lack of Awareness
Corruption
Political Issues
Lack of Research
Activities
Issue#8
Solid Waste Generation

Municipal solid waste

Battery Waste
Medical/Hospital Waste
Plastic Waste
Electronic Waste
 SOLID WASTE GENERATION

World’s urban waste 720 million tonnes (50% in

developing countries)
Global Municipal Solid Waste to Increase 7% in
2004
A report from Research Markets in Dublin,
Ireland estimates that between 2004 and 2008,
global generation of municipal waste will rise by
31.1%.
 INDIA
 294.484 g per capita per day.
 About 28% of the garbage remains unattended.
 More that 80% of town and cities do not have adequate
infrastructure.
 Solid waste from 9 major metropolitan cities expected to go 12
million tonnes by turn of century.
 Hospital Waste: 0.5 Kg per bed per day containing cotton
plastics, dressings, surgical and autopsy waste items saturated
with blood and body fluids and provide fertile environment to
bacteria, virus and other micro organisms to multiply.
 7780 tonnes per day solid waste in Delhi.
 300 million tonnes of solid waste.
 450 million tonnes of coal ash
WASTE OR RESOURCE? FACTS AT A GLANCE

 Waste collection efficiency in Indian cities ranges

from 50% to 90%.
 Out of the total municipal waste collected, on an
average 94% is dumped on land and 5% is
composted.
 Between 2000 and 2025 the waste composition of
Indian garbage will undergo the following changes:
 Organic Waste will go up from 40 percent to 60
percent
 Plastic will rise from 4% to 6%
 Metal will escalate from 1% to 4%
 Glass will increase from 2% to 3%
 Paper will climb from 5% to 15%
 Others (ash, sand, grit) will decrease from 47% to
12%
Solid Waste
Solid Waste Management
Waste reduction

Five methods of waste reduction

 In-plant recycling

 Changes in process technology

 Changes in plant operation (e.g.: suppression of fugitive

emissions)

 Substitution of input (raw) materials.

 Modification of end products to permit the use of less

polluting upstream processes and/or materials.

 USE 5R- Reduction, Replacement, Recovery, Recycling and

Reutilization
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE
 Hospital or Medical waste
 More than 4.2 lakh kg of bio-medical waste per day is
generated in the country. But there are only 157 facilities
that qualify to treat the waste. Thus only 2.4 lakh kg of bio-
medical waste is reported to be treated before its final
disposal.

 Hospital Waste: 0.5 Kg per bed per day containing cotton

plastics, dressings, surgical and autopsy waste items
saturated with blood and body fluids and provide fertile
environment to bacteria, virus and other micro organisms
to multiply.
85% General category
15% Infectious and hazardous
 Bio-medical Waste

Biomedical waste consists of solids, liquids, sharps, and laboratory

waste that are potentially infectious or dangerous.
It comes from biological sources or is used in the diagnosis,
prevention, or treatment of diseases. Common producers of

Biomedical waste include Hospitals, Health, Clinics, Nursing

homes, Medical researches laborites', Office of Physicians,
Dentists & Veterinarians, Home Health Care and Funeral Homes.
Bio-medical Waste Management in Healthcare
Facilities
• Inventories of bio-medical waste
• Obtain authorization from UP
SPCB/DGAFMS
• Place needle/syringe destroyer at
required places
• Label bag with respective ward no. in
order to identify its source to enable
improvement of segregation
• Reward the group with best segregation
practice
• Take special care of mercury
spillage/breakage
Color Coding & Type of Container for BMW Disposal
 Liquid Waste
The effluents generated from the hospital shall conform to the
following limits :

Parameter Permissible Limit

pH 6.5 – 9.0
Suspended solids 100 mg/l
Oil and grease 10 mg/l
BOD 30 mg/l
COD 250 mg/l
Bio-assay test 90% survival of fish after 96
hours in 100% effluent
Electronic Waste
Electronic Waste

Electronic waste, popularly known as ‘e-waste’ can be broadly

defined as electronic equipments/products which have become
obsolete due to:
 advancement in technology,
 changes in fashion, style & status,
 nearing the end of their useful life.
 E-Waste: Growth
IT and telecom are two fastest growing industries in the country.
India, by 2008, should achieve a PC penetration of 65 per 1,000
from the existing 14 per 1,000 (MAIT)
At present, India has 15 million computers. The target being 75
million computers by 2010 #.
Over 2 million old PCs ready for disposal in India.
Life of a computer reduced from 7 years to 3-5 years.
Over 75 million current mobile users, expected to increase to 200
million by 2007 end*.
 Memory devices, MP3 players, iPods etc. are the newer
additions.
Preliminary estimates suggest that total WEEE generation in
India is approximately 1,46,000 tonnes per year**.

# Source:http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=13910603, *Hindu , ** http://www.e-waste.in/

 E-Waste: Growth

Three categories of WEEE account for

almost 90% of the generation:
- Large Household appliances: 42.1%
- Information and communications: 33.9%
technology equipment
- Consumer Electronics: 13.7%
 WEEE Generation Top Ten States
S. No. STATES WEEE (Tonnes)
1 Maharashtra 20270.59
2 Tamil Nadu 13486.24
3 Andhra Pradesh 12780.33
4 Uttar Pradesh 10381.11
5 West Bengal 10059.36
6 Delhi 9729.15
7 Karnataka 9118.74
8 Gujarat 8994.33
9 Madhya Pradesh 7800.62
10 Punjab 6958.46
(Source: IRG Systems)
Waste Electrical & Electronic Equipment
(WEEE) Projections

(Source: IRG Systems)

 E-Waste Hazards
Average PC of approx. 31.5 kg wt. Two million Obsolete PCs
contains: would mean:

7.24 kg - Plastics  14,427,000 kg

1.98 kg - Lead  3,962,700 kg
0.693g - Mercury  1,386 kg
0.4095g - Arsenic  819 kg
2.961g - Cadmium  5,922 kg
1.98g - Chromium  3,969 kg
9.92g - Barium  19,845 kg
4.94g - Beryllium  9,891 kg

E-Waste- An Indian Perspective

 E-Waste Recycling

• Equipment refurbishment and resale

• De-manufacturing and disassembly
• Recovering valuable components
• Hazardous and base metal recovery
• Hazardous component management
Four Basic Principles – Reduce, Reuse, Recycle &
Respond
– Reduce waste and pollution
– Reuse as many things as possible
– Recycle & compost as much waste as possible
– Chemically or biologically treat or incinerate
– Bury what is left
 Management of E-Waste
In industries management of e-waste should begin
at the point of generation.
This can be done by waste minimization
techniques and by sustainable product design.
Waste minimization in industries involves
adopting:
 Inventory management,
 Production -process modification,
 Volume reduction,
 Recovery and reuse.
 Fact of Urbanization
Humanity is getting rapidly urbanized
- 3% of 900 million lived in cities in 1800
- 10 % of 1.6 billion were urban in 1900
- Now over half of the worlds 6 billion lives in
cities.
- 70% of the world 10 billion people of 2050 will
be urban.
Despite all the negative such as Crime, Pollution &
Overcrowding one associates with them, cities
are disproportionately productive.
 Indian Scenario
An estimate that the total obsolete computers originating from
government offices, business houses, industries and household is of
the order of 2 million nos.

Toxics Link, a Delhi based NGO, says that India annually generates
$ 1.5 billion worth of e-waste.

In Delhi alone 10,000 to 20,000 tons of e-waste is handled every year,

of which, computers account for 25 %.

Manufactures and assemblers in a single calendar year, estimated to

produce around 1200 tons of electronic scrap.
GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCES & SINKS
ASSOCIATED WITH MATERIAL LIFE CYCLE
 WASTE OR RESOURCE? FACTS AT A GLANCE

 Generation of Waste in INDIA

- 0.1 million tonnes per day
- 36.5 million tonnes annually
 Per capita waste generation in major Indian cities ranges
from 0.2 Kg to 0.6 Kg.
 Difference in per capita waste generation between lower
and higher income groups range 180 to 800 gm per day.
 Expenditure on Waste by urban local bodies
- Collection, transportation, treatment and
disposal 500 to 1500 Rs per tonne
 Indian solid waste
- Calorific value 600 to 800 Kcal/Kg
- Density 330 to 560 Kg/m3.
WASTE OR RESOURCE? FACTS AT A GLANCE

 Waste collection efficiency in Indian cities ranges from

50% to 90%.

 Out of the total municipal waste collected, on an

average 94% is dumped on land and 5% is composted.

 Between 2000 and 2025 the waste composition of

Indian garbage will undergo the following changes:
- Organic Waste will go up from 40 % to 60 %
- Plastic will rise from 4% to 6%
- Metal will escalate from 1% to 4%
- Glass will increase from 2% to 3%
- Paper will climb from 5% to 15%
- Others (ash, sand, grit) will decrease from 47% to 12%
Indian: Diseases Capital of the World

 India cover 16 % of the world population

 18.5% of the world diabetes patients are in India. WHO has
projected that by year 2030, the diabetes prevalence in
India would be 21.7 %.
 Contaminated Water responsible for many water borne
diseases. Diarrhea claims some 450,000 lives annually in
India
 Every year over 2.2 million people get infected with TB. As
per health budget, TB has come down from 5.4% in 2000-01
to 1.6% in 2007-08.
 Health Development Index

Health Expenditures in select countries (% of GDP, 2002)

Country HDI Public Health Private health
Expenditure Expenditure
Norway 1 8.0 1.6
Australia 3 6.5 3.0
Canada 5 6.7 2.9
Germany 20 8.6 2.3
Singapore 25 1.3 3.0
China 85 2.0 3.8
Sri Lanka 93 1.8 1.9
Indonesia 110 1.2 2.0
South Africa 123 3.5 5.2
India 127 1.3 4.8
Pakistan 135 1.1 2.1

Sources: Chemical News, July 2008, Page-23

 Effect of Prosperity

 Project Lost National Income due to heart disease,

stroke and diabetes, in billion dollars
Brazil Canada China India Russia UK
Estimated 2.7 0.5 18.3 8.7 11.1 1.6
income loss in
2005
Estimated 9.3 1.5 131.8 54.0 66.4 6.4
income loss in
2015

Accumulated 49.2 8.5 557.7 236.6 303.2 32.8

loss in 2005
value

Sources: Chemical News, July 2008, Page-23

 WHY RE-BUILDING NATURAL RESOURCES
IS URGENT? - EXAMPLE OF INDIA
 GDP loss due to environmental damage exceeds 10% per year
 11-26% loss of agricultural output due to soil degradation
 Annual growth of forest only 88 / cubic mtrs as against 139 -
235 cubic mtrs possible.
 23 known species extinct, indicative of threat to rich bio-
diversity.
 2.5 million people dying prematurely each year due to air
pollution
 Water quality in most major rivers of India far below acceptable
level
# EIA for Sustainable development
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND
ITS ROLE IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The achievement of sustainable

development demands the integration of
environment and development.
To achieve sustainable development
requires a close collaboration and
cooperation between environmentalists
and the decision-makers.
Roles in the EIA Process

EIA INVOLVES MANY PARTIES, GROUPED BY THEIR

ROLE DEFINITION WITHIN THE PROCESS. THEY ARE
 THE PROJECT PROPONENT
 THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS
 THE STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD /
POLLUTION CONTROL COMMITTEES (PCCS)
 THE PUBLIC
 THE IMPACT ASSESSMENT AGENCY
The EIA Cycle and Procedures

THE EIA PROCESS IN INDIA IS MADE UP OF FOLLOWING

PHASES
 SCREENING
 SCOPING AND CONSIDERATION OF ALTERNATIVES
 BASELINE DATA COLLECTION
 IMPACT PREDICTION
 ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES, DELINEATION OF
MITIGATION MEASURES AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT
 PUBLIC HEARING
 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT PLAN
 DECISION MAKING
 MONITORING THE CLEARANCE CONDITIONS
Screening
Screening is done to see whether a project requires
environmental
clearances as per the statutory notifications based on
 Scales of investment
 Type of development
 Location of development
A project requires statutory environmental clearance only
if the provisions of EIA notification and/or other
statutory notification.
Scoping

Scoping is a process of identifying significant issues to be

considered in an EIA.
 Ecological Scoping: Determination of changes in the
physico-chemical-biological environment.
 Physical –chemical: Water, air, noise, land
 Biological species and population, habitate and
communities
 Aesthetic: Land, air, water, flora & fauna.
 Social scoping: It involves determination of these values
based on social and economic criteria. This involves
Scoping
 Process of detailing the terms of reference of EIA , done by the
consultant in consultation with the project proponent and
guidance, if need be, from impact assessment agency.
 The ministry of environment and forests has published
guidelines for different sectors, which outline the significant
issues to be addressed in the EIA studies.
 Quantifiable impacts are to be assessed on the basis of
magnitude, prevalence, frequency and duration and non-
quantifiable impacts (such as aesthetic or recreational value),
significance is commonly determined through the socio-economic
criteria.
 Baseline Data Collection

Baseline data describes the existing environmental

status of the identified study area. The site-specific
primary data should be monitored for the identified
parameters and supplemented by secondary data if
available.
Impact Assessment

The following issues of impacts of the project should be

assessed:
Air
 changes in ambient levels and ground level concentrations
due to total emissions from point, line and area sources
 effects on soils, materials, vegetation, and human health
Noise
 changes in ambient levels due to noise generated from
equipment and movement of vehicles
 effect on fauna and human health.
Cont……..
Water
 availability to competing users
 changes in quality due to discharge
 sediment transport due to project activity
 ingress of saline water
Land
 changes in land use and drainage pattern
 changes in land quality including effects of waste
disposal
 changes in shoreline/riverbank and their stability
Cont………
Biological
deforestation/tree-cutting and shrinkage of animal
habitat.
impact on fauna and flora (including aquatic
species if any) due to
contaminants/pollutants
impact on rare and endangered species, endemic
species, and migratory path/route of animals.
Impact on breeding and nesting grounds
Cont………

Socio-Economic
 Land acquisition and Rehabilitation and
Resettlement (R&R) issue
 impact on the local community including
demographic changes.
 Impact on economic status
 impact on human health.
 impact of increased traffic
Cont………
Solid Waste
Can be Hazardous or Non-Hazardous
Classification under Hazardous Waste
Management and handling Rules requires
certain obligation in terms of disposal.
Comprehensive inventorisation if area has has no
land for disposal or existing capacity is near
full or prone to flooding or high ground water
table
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT Notification 2005
and Environment Clearance procedure for Construction
Industry ,Commercial Complexes, New Townships and
Housing Projects

Now the new Notification requires EIA / EC from centre for

all projects:
 Exceeding 20,000 Sq.mtr in size located in a city with
over 3 million population
 Exceeding 1,00,000 Sq.mtr regardless of their location.
 LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT

•LCA is an approach for assessing the environmental impact

of any project and provides a frame work, approach and
methods for identifying and evaluating environmental
burdens associated with life cycle of the material which is
from cradle-to- grave.

•Life cycle assessment is both a concept and methodology

for evaluating the environmental performance of a product
process or activity through its entire existence from raw
material acquisition to ultimate disposal through recycling ,
incineration , land filling or composting
 LCA RESULTS AND IMPACTED AREA

Final Results Impacted Category

Normalised LCA Results
Global Warming Global
Ozone Depletion Global
Resource Depletion Global
Photochemical Smog Regional
Acidification Regional
Human Health Regional
Terrestrial Toxicity Local
Aquatic Toxicity Local
Land Use Local
Life cycle Analysis
Site Selection
Drilling and Exploration
Deforestration

Discharges of hydrocarbons,
water and mud; increased
concentrations of naturally
AIR POLLUTION
Carbon Emission occurring radioactive materials
Global
Sox, NOx,and
Warming Other Air pollutant
Concentration

Transportation
Water Pollution Noise Pollution Oil Spills

Exposure: Chronic and Acute disease

Accidents, Environmental Damage
Refining
All Tools like EIA ,LCA and many others
are for sustainable development that will
play a role in making our pleasant future
Nine Ways to improve your Environment

 Maintain your automobile.

 Buy energy efficient vehicle..
 Save electricity that will also reduce greenhouse
gas emission.
 Maintain furnace and air conditioners
 Conduct a home energy audit
 Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
 Save water
 Change your mode of transportation
 Turn off your computer when it is not in use.
 CONCLUSIONS

FOUR CRITICAL FACTORS

 POPULATION- HOW TO CONTROL?
 TECHNOLOGY- HELP OR HINDRANCE?
 CONSUMERISATION- CAN WE ALL HAVE THE RESOURCES WE
WANT ?
 LAND USE- IS THERE ENOUGH?

ENVIRONMENTAL GOALS
 CLIMATE PROTECTION THROUGH CONTROL OF CO2
EMISSION
 PRESERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND
RESOPONSIBLE USE OF ALTERNATIVE FUELS AND RAW
MATERIALS
 CONTROL AND REDUCTION OF ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS
AND DISCHARGES
 LAND SCAPE PROTECTION
 Save the environment not only for us but also for those who
can not speak only suffers the results of Human actions

keeping' an eye on you

City cats searching
the place where they
mmm apples
can stay

Source:http://flickr.com/photos/veganrockcandy/1124348919/in/photostream/
In the end I will quote the verse by the
great saint Adi Sankaracharya that
“human actions ,human life, human
discipline human values are meant for
purification of the mind and not for
material benefits alone”.

Let us not think and plan only, but act

for betterment of mankind through better
Environmental management.
 “Nature is essence of
civilization, to preserve it
in its pristine glory and
magnificence becomes our
priority”
Message ROAD to SUCCESS
Do not allow to come these word in your life
 It might have been
 I should have
 I could have
 I wish I had
 If only I had given little extra
 Look for positive
 Make a habit of doing it now
 Create a continuous education programme for
your self
 Build positive esteem
 Start your day with something positive
Promote Healthy People
in Healthy Society on a
Healthy Plant

Thank You