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    Halogenkimia

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    selinda26
    The document summarizes the properties of the halogen elements (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine). It notes that they are highly reactive nonmetals in group 17 of the periodic table. It describes trends in their electron configuration and properties like decreasing electronegativity down the group. The halogens exist as diatomic molecules and can be found in compounds in the environment. They form acids when bonded to hydrogen and interact with each other and other elements. Many synthetic and some natural compounds contain halogen atoms.

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    Halogenkimia

    Uploaded by

    selinda26
    13 views11 pages
    The document summarizes the properties of the halogen elements (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine). It notes that they are highly reactive nonmetals in group 17 of the periodic table. It describes trends in their electron configuration and properties like decreasing electronegativity down the group. The halogens exist as diatomic molecules and can be found in compounds in the environment. They form acids when bonded to hydrogen and interact with each other and other elements. Many synthetic and some natural compounds contain halogen atoms.

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    halogenkimia

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    The document summarizes the properties of the halogen elements (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine). It notes that they are highly reactive nonmetals in group 17 of the periodic table. It describes trends in their electron configuration and properties like decreasing electronegativity down the group. The halogens exist as diatomic molecules and can be found in compounds in the environment. They form acids when bonded to hydrogen and interact with each other and other elements. Many synthetic and some natural compounds contain halogen atoms.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    13 views11 pages

    Halogenkimia

    Uploaded by

    selinda26
    The document summarizes the properties of the halogen elements (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine). It notes that they are highly reactive nonmetals in group 17 of the periodic table. It describes trends in their electron configuration and properties like decreasing electronegativity down the group. The halogens exist as diatomic molecules and can be found in compounds in the environment. They form acids when bonded to hydrogen and interact with each other and other elements. Many synthetic and some natural compounds contain halogen atoms.

    Copyright:

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    of 11

    Halogen

    Z Element No. of electrons/shell


    9 fluorine 2, 7
    17 chlorine 2, 8, 7
    35 bromine 2, 8, 18, 7
    53 iodine 2, 8, 18, 18, 7
    85 astatine 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 7
    117 ununseptium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 7 (?)
    Group → 7
    ↓ Period
    29F
    3 17 Cl
    4 35 Br
    5 53 I
    6 85 At
    7 117 Uus
    Legend
    • Halogen
    • Gas
    • Liquid
    • Primordial element
    • From decay
    • Synthetic
    The halogens or halogen elements are a
    series of nonmetal elements from Group 17
    IUPAC Style (formerly: VII, VIIA) of the periodic
    table, comprising fluorine, (F); chlorine,
    (Cl); bromine, (Br); iodine, (I); and astatine,
    (At). The undiscovered element 117, temporarily
    named ununseptium, may also be a
    halogen.
    The group of halogens is the only group
    which contains elements in all three familiar
    states of matter at standard temperature and
    pressure.
    Abundance
    Owing to their high reactivity, the halogens
    are found in the environment only in compounds
    or as ions. Halide ions and oxoanions
    such as iodate (IO3−) can be found in many
    minerals and in seawater. Halogenated organic
    compounds can also be found as natural
    products in living organisms. In their elemental
    forms, the halogens exist as diatomic
    molecules, but these only have a fleeting existence
    in nature and are much more common
    in the laboratory and in industry. At
    room temperature and pressure, fluorine and
    chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid and
    iodine and astatine are solids; Group 7A is
    therefore the only periodic table group exhibiting
    all three. states of matter at room
    temperature.
    Etymology
    The term ’halogen’ originates from 18th century
    scientific French nomenclature based on
    adaptations of Greek roots: hals (sea) or
    halas (salt), and gen- (to generate)—referring
    to elements which produce a salt in union
    with a metal.
    Properties
    Like other groups, the members of this family
    show patterns in its electron configuration,
    especially the outermost shells resulting in
    trends in chemical behavior:
    The halogens show a number of trends when
    moving down the group—for instance, decreasing
    electronegativity and reactivity, and
    increasing melting and boiling point.
    halogen molecule structure model d(X−X) /
    pm
    (gas phase)
    d(X−X) / pm
    (solid phase)
    fluorine F2 143 149
    chlorine Cl2 199 198
    bromine Br2 228 227
    iodine I2 266 272
    Diatomic halogen
    molecules
    Chemistry
    Reactivity
    Halogens are highly reactive, and as such
    can be harmful or lethal to biological organisms
    in sufficient quantities. This high reactivity
    is due to the atoms being one electron
    short of a full outer shell of eight electrons.
    They can gain this electron by reacting with
    atoms of other elements. Fluorine is one of
    the most reactive elements in existence, attacking
    otherwise inert materials such as
    glass, and forming compounds with the heavier
    noble gases. It is a corrosive and highly
    toxic gas. The reactivity of fluorine is such
    that if used or stored in laboratory glassware,
    it can react with glass in the presence of
    small amounts of water to form silicon tetrafluoride
    (SiF4). Thus fluorine must be
    handled with substances such as Teflon
    (which is itself made of fluorine), extremely
    dry glass, or metals such as copper or steel
    which form a protective layer of fluoride on
    their surface.
    The high reactivity of fluorine means that
    once it does react with something, it bonds
    with it so strongly that the resulting molecule
    is very inert and non-reactive to anything
    else. For example, Teflon is fluorine bonded
    with carbon.
    Both chlorine and bromine are used as
    disinfectants for drinking water, swimming
    pools, fresh wounds, spas, dishes, and surfaces.
    They kill bacteria and other potentially
    harmful microorganisms through a process
    known as sterilization. Their reactivity is also
    put to use in bleaching. Sodium hypochlorite,
    which is produced from chlorine, is the active
    ingredient of most fabric bleaches and
    chlorine-derived bleaches are used in the
    production of some paper products.
    Hydrogen halides
    The halogens all form binary compounds with
    hydrogen known as the hydrogen halides
    (HF, HCl, HBr, HI, and HAt), a series of particularly
    strong acids. When in aqueous solution,
    the hydrogen halides are known as hydrohalic
    acids. HAt, or "hydrastatic acid",
    should also qualify, but it is not typically included
    in discussions of hydrohalic acid due
    to astatine’s extreme instability toward alpha
    decay.

    Interhalogen compounds
    The halogens react with each other to form
    interhalogen compounds. Diatomic interhalogen
    compounds such as BrF, ICl, and ClF
    bear resemblance to the pure halogens in
    some respects. The properties and behaviour
    of a diatomic interhalogen compound tend to
    be intermediate between those of its parent
    halogens. Some properties, however, are
    found in neither parent halogen. For example,
    Cl2 and I2 are soluble in CCl4, but ICl
    is not since it is a polar molecule due to the
    relatively large electronegativity difference
    between I and Cl.
    Organohalogen
    compounds
    Many synthetic organic compounds such as
    plastic polymers, and a few natural ones, contain
    halogen atoms; these are known as halogenated
    compounds or organic halides.
    Chlorine is by far the most abundant of the
    halogens, and the only one needed in relatively
    large amounts (as chloride ions) by humans.
    For example, chloride ions play a key
    role in brain function by mediating the action
    of the inhibitory transmitter GABA and are
    also used by the body to produce stomach
    acid. Iodine is needed in trace amounts for
    the production of thyroid hormones such as
    thyroxine. On the other hand, neither fluorine
    nor bromine are believed to be essential for
    humans, although small amounts of fluoride
    can make tooth enamel resistant to decay.
    Polyhalogenated
    compounds
    Polyhalogenated compounds are industrially
    created compounds substituted with multiple
    halogens. Many of them are very toxic and
    bioaccumulate in humans, and have a very
    wide application range. They include the
    much maligned PCB’s, PBDE’s, and PFC’s as
    well as numerous other compounds.
    Polyhalogenated
    compounds
    Polyhalogenated compounds are industrially
    created compounds substituted with multiple
    halogens. Many of them are very toxic and
    bioaccumulate in humans, and have a very
    wide application range. They include the
    much maligned PCB’s, PBDE’s, and PFC’s as
    well as numerous other compounds.
    Drug discovery
    In drug discovery, the incorporation of halogen
    atoms into a lead drug candidate results
    in analogues that are usually more lipophilic
    and less water soluble.[1] Consequently, halogen
    atoms are used to improve penetration
    through lipid membranes and tissues. Consequently,
    there is an tendency for some
    halogenated drugs to accumulate in adipose
    tissue.
    The chemical reactivity of halogen atoms
    depends on both their point of attachment to
    the lead and the nature of the halogen. Aromatic
    halogen groups are far less reactive
    than aliphatic halogen groups, which can exhibit
    considerable chemical reactivity. For
    aliphatic carbon-halogen bonds the C-F bond
    is the strongest and usually less chemically
    reactive than aliphatic C-H bonds. The other
    aliphatic-halogen bonds are weaker, their reactivity
    increasing down the periodic table.
    They are usually more chemically reactive
    than aliphatic C-H bonds. Consequently, the
    most common halogen substitutions are the
    less reactive aromatic fluorine and chlorine
    groups.
    Solubility in water
    Fluorine reacts vigorously with water to produce
    oxygen (O2) and hydrogen fluoride
    (HF):[2]
    2 F2(g) + 2 H2O(l) → O2(g) + 4 HF(aq)
    Chlorine has minimal solubility of 0.7g Cl2
    per kg of water at ambient temperature
    (21oC).[3] Dissolved chlorine reacts to form
    hydrochloric acid (HCl) and hypochlorous
    acid, a solution that can be used as a disinfectant
    or bleach:
    Cl2(g) + H2O(l) → HCl(aq) + HClO(aq)
    Bromine has a solubility of 3.41 g per 100 g
    of water,[4] but it slowly reacts to form hydrogen
    bromide (HBr) and hypobromous acid
    (HBrO):
    Br2(g) + H2O(l) → HBr(aq) + HBrO(aq)
    Iodine, however, is minimally soluble in water
    (0.03 g/100 g water @ 20 °C) and does
    not react with it.[5] However, iodine will form
    an aqueous solution in the presence of iodide
    ion, such as by addition of potassium iodide
    (KI), because the triiodide ion is formed.

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