GANGGUAN PADA SISTEM

KARDIOVASKULER
OLEH :
PUTRI KRISTYANINGSIH, S. KEP., NS., M. KEP.
 OBJECTIVES
• Diskusi terkait kejadian, prevalensi dan dampak dari penyakit
kardiovaskuler
• Menggambarkan anatomi dan fisiologi jantung dan system sirkulasi
dan juga pentingnya fungsi dari jantung
• Mendiskusikan tipe paling banyak dari penyakit jantung
• Mendiskusikan resiko penyakit jantung yang bisa kita kendalikan
dna yang tidak bisa kita kendalikan
• Mendiskusikan metode diagnosis dan penatalaksanaan penyakit
kardiovaskuler
 UNDERSTANDING THE
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
• Cardiovascular system includes: the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries,
venules, and veins
• The heart
• Muscular, four chambered pump
• Contracts 100,000 times per day
• Two upper chambers: atria
• Two lower chambers: ventricles
• Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valves
 HEART FUNCTION
• Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium
• From the right atrium blood moves to the right ventricle, pumped through
the pulmonary artery to the lungs
• Oxygen blood enters the left atrium
• Blood from the left atrium is forced into the left ventricle
• The left ventricle pumps blood through the aorta to various parts of the body
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
 TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE
• Atherosclerosis
• Coronary heart disease (CHD)
• Chest pain (angina pectoris)
• Irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia)
• Congestive heart failure (CHF)
• Congenital and rheumatic heart disease
• Stroke
 ARTHEROSCLEROSIS
• Characterized by deposits of fatty substances, cholesterol, cellular waste
products, calcium, and fibrin in the inner lining of the artery
• Hyperlipidemia – abnormally high blood lipid level
• Plaque – the buildup of deposits in the arteries
 CORONARY HEART DISEASE
• Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack – blood supplying the heart is
disrupted
• Coronary thrombosis – blood clot in the artery
• Embolus – when the blood clot is dislodged and moves through the
circulatory system
• Collateral circulation - if blockage to the heart is minor, an alternative blood
flow is selected
 ANGINA PECTORIS
• Ischemia – reduction of the heart’s blood and oxygen supply
• The more serious the oxygen deprivation the more severe the pain
• Nitroglycerin – drug used to relax (dilate) the veins
• Beta blockers control potential overactivity of the heart muscle
 ARRYTHMIAS
• An irregularity in heart rhythm
• Tachycardia – racing heart in the absence of exercise or anxiety
• Bradycardia – abnormally slow heartbeat
• Fibrillation – heart beat is sporadic, quivering pattern
 CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)
• Damaged or overworked heart muscle is unable to keep blood circulating
normally
• Affects over 5 million Americans
• Damage to heart muscle may result from: rheumatic fever, pneumonia,
heart attack, or other cardiovascular problem
• Lack of proper circulation may allow blood to accumulate in the vessels of
the legs, ankles, or lungs
• Diuretics relieve fluid accumulation
 CONGENITAL AND RHEUMATIC
HEART DISEASE
• Congenital heart disease affects 1 out of 125 children born
• May be due to hereditary factors, maternal diseases, or chemical intake
(alcohol) during fetal development
• Rheumatic heart disease results from rheumatic fever which affects
connective tissue
 STROKE
• Occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted
• Thrombus – blood clot
• Embolus – free flowing clot
• Aneurysm – bulging or burst blood vessel
• Transient ischemic attack (TIA) – brief interruptions that cause temporary
impairment
COMMON BLOOD
VESSEL DISORDERS

Figure 15.6
 REDUCING YOUR RISK FOR
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
• Risks you can control
• Avoid tobacco
• Cut back on saturated fat and cholesterol
• Maintain a healthy weight
• Modify dietary habits
• Exercise regularly
• Control diabetes
• Control blood pressure
• Systolic – upper number
• Diastolic – lower number
• Manage stress
 REDUCING YOUR RISK FOR
CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
• Risks you cannot control
• Heredity
• Age
• Gender
• Race
 WOMEN AND CARDIOVASCULAR
DISEASE
• 2003, CVD deaths
• 426,800 men
• 483,800 women
• Estrogen
• Once estrogen production stops, risk for CVD death increases
• Diagnostic and therapeutic differences
• Delay in diagnosing possible heart attack
• Complexity in interpreting chest pain in women
• Less aggressive treatment of female heart attack victims
• Smaller coronary arteries in women
• Gender bias in CVD research – typically CVD research has been
conducted on male subjects
 NEW WEAPONS AGAINST HEART
DISEASE
• Techniques for diagnosing heart disease
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)
• Angiography
• Positron emission tomography (PET)
• Single positron emission color tomography (SPECT)
• Radionuclide imaging
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Ultrafast CT
• Digital cardiac angiography (DSA)
 ANGIOPLASTY VERSUS BYPASS
SURGERY
• Angioplasty – a thin catheter is threaded through the blocked arteries. The
catheter has a balloon on the tip which is inflated to flatten the fatty
deposits against the wall of the artery
• Coronary bypass surgery – a blood vessel is taken from another site and
implanted to bypass blocked arteries and transport blood
 ASPIRIN FOR HEART DISEASE?
• Research shows that 80 milligrams of aspirin every other day is beneficial to
heart patients due to its blood thinning properties
• Some side effects of aspirin: gastrointestinal intolerance and a tendency for
difficulty with blood clotting
• Should only be taken under the advice of your physician
 THROMBOLYSIS
• If victim reaches an emergency room and is diagnosed quickly, thrombolysis
can be performed
• Thrombolysis involves injecting an agent such as tissue plasminogen activator
(TPA) to dissolve the clot and restore some blood flow
 CARDIAC REHABILITATION
• Every year, 1 million people survive heart attacks
• Cardiac rehabilitation exercise training increases stamina and strength, and
promotes recovery
 PERSONAL ADVOCACY AND
HEART-SMART BEHAVIORS
• Know your rights as a patient
• Find out about informed consent procedures, living wills, durable power of
attorney, organ donation, and other legal issues BEFORE you become sick
• Ask about alternative procedures
• Remain with your loved one as a personal advocate
• Monitor the actions of health care providers
• Be considerate of your care provider
• Be patient with the patient
TERIMA KASIH
SEMOGA BERMANFAAT