Cohesion and Reference
Cohesion and Reference
Cohesion and Reference
Mona Baker
Chapter 6:
Textual equivalence: Cohesion
It is a surface relation;
relation it connects together the actual words and
expressions that we can see or hear.
(Baker 2011)
Cohesive devices (Halliday & Hassan’s Model 1976)
1. Reference
2. Substitution
3. Ellipsis
4. Conjunction
5. Lexical cohesion
1. Reference
• The term reference is traditionally used in semantics for the relationship which
holds between a word and what it points to in the real world.
Example:
Horse
ككرُسي
reference is limited here to the relationship of identity which holds between two linguistics
expression.
i.e. :
“Trump has Shut down the Federal government. He declared his decision in a press conference.”
The pronoun “he” points to Trump within the textual words itself.
Common reference items
Personal;
Personal pronouns (he, she, it, they)
Possessive determiner (his, her, its)
Possessive pronouns (his, hers, its)
*i.e.:
« َصنبعرُ لنكحعكنم نرُببنك نفإننننك نبأ نععكيننننا
« نواَ ع:قوله تعالى
John suffers from alzhiemer. He always forgets his stuff wherever he goes.
;Demonstrative
The, this, and those
*i.e:
The congress refused to fund the wall. This led trump to shut down the government.
قوله تعالى »:نقاللوا نيا نوريلنننا نمرن نبنعنثننا دمرن نمررنقددننا ۜ هنهنذاَ نما نونعند الرررحمنملن نو ن
صندنق
ارللمررنسللونن «
Types of reference
1. Textual referecnce … which allows the reader or hearer to trace participants, entities,
events and so on in a text (endophoric)
i.e:
1. John suffers from alzhiemer. He always forgets his stuff wherever he goes.
2. The congress refused to fund the wall. This led trump to shut down the government.
Example: Everybody likes the books I write, espciall you. That’s why you keep on reading
Within the same language, text-type seems to be an important factor in determining the choice of
pattern.