Bioethanol From Agricultural Waste

BIOETHANOL FROM AGRICULTURAL
WASTE
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Objective
• Literature Review
• Experimental Work
INTRODUCTION
•Bio fuel is a type of energy whose energy comes from biological carbon fixation
•. Ethanol is made from crops that absorb carbon dioxide and give off oxygen, it helps
reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Ethanol is also added to gasoline as an octane
enhancer.
•It is used as fuel because it can be easily blended with gasoline. In some other cases it
is first converted to its other form obtained in reaction with refining isobutene
•Ethanol is an oxygenated fuel that contains 35% oxygen, which reduces particulate
and NOx emissions from combustion.
BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION
• Wheat/Grains/Corn/Sugar-cane can be used to produce ethanol. (Basically, any plants
that composed largely of sugars)
• Bioethanol is mainly produced in three ways.
• Sugar ethanol
• Starch sugar ethanol
• cellulose and hemicellulose ethanol

LITERATURE REVIEW
S.NO. REFRENCES OBJECTIVE STUDY RESULTS
Final ethanol
Production of bioethanol Review the most recent concentration and
1. from wheat straw : An advance in pretreatment, productivity were
Farid Talebnia, et al.,
2009
overview on pretreatment, hydrolysis and the obtained with the
hydrolysis and fermentation of wheat native non-adapted
fermentation straw Saccharomyses
cerevisiae.
Production of ethanol
Biological co-production from three lignocellulosic The H2SO4
2. Muhammad Irfan et al. of ethanol and biodiesel biomasses like the concentration and
temperature were in the
2013 from wheat straw: a case sugarcane bagasse, rice ranges of 0–0.1% and
of dilute acid pretreatment straw and wheat straw by 160–200 oC.
Sacchromyces cervisae
S.NO. REFRENCES OBJECTIVE STUDY RESULTS
3. The capital cost per ton

of fuel produced would
Ethanol production Mixing wheat straw
be diminished and
Borbála Erdei al., 2010 from mixtures of wheat with wheat meal
better utilization of the
straw and wheat meal would be beneficial .
biomass can be
achieved.
METHODOLOGY
Overall Process description
The wheat is cleaned and ground in a mill. The bran is separated from the wheat grains
and is used to generate primary energy in a biomass plant.
• By adding enzymes the starch contained in the wheat is converted into fermentable
carbohydrates, which can then be fermented into alcohol. Sugar syrups can be
fermented directly.
• In the next step, the fermentation process, yeasts convert the carbohydrates into
alcohol and CO2.
• Distillation separates the alcohol from alcohol-water azeotrope. 4. In the rectification
process this alcohol is then cleaned again. The dehydration - also referred to as
drying - of the alcohol then removes virtually all the water it contains.
FEEDSTOCKS
 Sugar is required to produce ethanol by fermentation.
– Plant materials (grain, stems and leaves) are composed mainly of sugars
– almost any plants can serve as feedstock for ethanol manufacture
• Choice of raw material depends on several factors

– ease of processing of the various plants available
– prevailing conditions of climate
– landscape and soil composition
– sugar content
• Fermentation conditions
• Temperature - 32˚C and 35˚C pH - 5.2.
 Ethanol is produced at 10-15% concentration and the solution is distilled to produce

ethanol at higher concentrations
REACTION INVOLVED
Chemical reaction 1
The fructose and glucose sugars react with zymase to produce ethanol and carbon
dioxide.
Chemical reaction 2
Fermentation process requires 3 days to complete and is carried out at a temperature of

between 250°C and 300°C.
STARCH EXTRACTION PROCESSES
1) THE ALKALI PROCESS:

Originating from an early method for the extraction of starch from rice, an alkali is
used to extract the starch
Bran and NaOH

CONTD.
2) THE BATTER PROCESS

Developed in the 1940s specifically for production of starch for conversion into syrups
and alcohol from wheat.
SUGAR FERMENTATION
– Hydrolysis process breaks down the biomass cellulosic portion into sugar solutions
which will then be fermented into ethanol.
– Yeast is added and heated to the solution.
– Invertase acts as a catalyst and convert the sucrose sugars into glucose and
fructose. (both C6H12O6).
S Cerevisiae
ETHANOL PRODUCTION BY S.
CEREVISIAE
Depending on the coupling of product formation (i.e. ethanol) with microbial growth,
the product can be classified into three distinct groups:
I. Growth associated: the creation of products occurs simultaneously to microbial growth
II. Is therefore directly proportional to the mass of cells. The constant of proportionality
being a yield coefficient.
III. Partially growth associated: the creation of products takes place during slow growth
and stationary phase.
IV. Non-growth associated: the product production takes place during the stationary
phase and the rate of production is constant.
GOVERNMENT INTIATIVES
• Cabinet approves National Policy on Biofuels – 2018

• The Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT), Mumbai has developed India’s first home
grown technology to convert biomass to ethanol with speed and efficiency.
• The country’s first second-Generation (2G) Ethanol plant was inaugurated by Union
Minister for Science and Technology and Earth Sciences Dr Harsh Vardhan at
Kashipur in Uttarakhand
• BPCL is setting-up 2G Biomass Ethanol Bio-refinery in Bina, MP with a capacity to
process 400 tonnes/day of Biomass (equivalent to 100 KL/day of ethanol generation
capacity)
References
1) http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy99osti/26157.pdf.
2) http://www.uyseg.org/greener_industry/pages/ethanol/ethanol7PM2.htm 23rd October
2005
3) http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/02-03/biofuels/what_bioethanol.htm
23rd October 2005
4) http://www.uyseg.org/greener_industry/pages/ethanol/ethanol8PM3.htm23rd October
2005
5) http://www.biodiesel.org/pdf_files/fuelfactsheets/Production.PDF 24thOctober 2005
6) http://www.dft.gov.uk/stellent/groups/dft_roads/documents/page/dft_roads_024054-
16.hcsp 24th October 2005

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BIOETHANOL FROM AGRICULTURAL

• Starch sugar ethanol

• cellulose and hemicellulose ethanol

3. The capital cost per ton

• Choice of raw material depends on several factors

 Ethanol is produced at 10-15% concentration and the solution is distilled to produce

Fermentation process requires 3 days to complete and is carried out at a temperature of

1) THE ALKALI PROCESS:

Bran and NaOH

2) THE BATTER PROCESS

• Cabinet approves National Policy on Biofuels – 2018

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