Physiography

Program StudiofTeknik
IndonesiaGeologi Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT, IPU
Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian dan Energi Semester Ganjil_2018 - 2019
Universitas Trisakti
 CURRICULUM VITAE
Name : Dr. Ir. Eko Widianto, MT, IPU
Place of Birth : Semarang, 3 September 1955
Marital Status : Married
Address : Rancho Indah, Jl. Tanjung 19 / Blok G-21
Tanjung Barat, Jakarta Selatan 12530
Email : [email protected]
[email protected]

Education 1982 : Bachelor Degree in Geology of UGM

2000 : Magister Degree in Applied Geophysics of ITB
2008 : Doctoral Degree in Applied Geophysics of ITB
Work History
1982 – 1985 : Pertamina Exploration Division Jakarta
1986 – 1993 : Pertamina Exploration Department Plaju
1993 – 1994 : Pertamina BPPKA Jakarta
1994 – 1997 : Head of Exploration Planning Jakarta
1998 – 2000 : Exploration Manager JOB Pertamina – Greka Energy
2000 – 2002 : Chief Geophysics Pertamina Upstream
President of Indonesian Association of Geophysicists (HAGI)
2002 – 2006 : General Manager of JOB Pertamina-ConocoPhillips (Sakakemang) Ltd.
2006 : Vice President of Pertamina Upstream New Venture Business Development
2006 – 2007 : Board of Director of Joint Venture Pertamina – Petronas – Petro Vietnam
2006 – 2008 : Vice President of Pertamina EP Technology Center
2009 – 2011 : Senior Geophysicist
2011 – now : Lecturer of Geology Engineering of Trisakti Universty
Lecturer of Geophysic Engineering of Bandung Institute of Technology
Lecturer of Geology Engineering of Gadjahmada University
2
 LECTURE MATERIALS
1 • INTRODUCTION: Definition, Level Petroleum Investigation, Role of Geophysical Methods

2 • Review of Gravity Method

3 • Paradigm Shift in Gravity Data Utilization
4 • Gravity Data analysis for Oil and Gas Exploration
5 • Gravity Data analysis for Reservoir Monitoring
6 • Fundamental of Seismic Method
7 • Seismic Acquisition
8 • Seismic Processing
9 • Seismic Structural Interpretation
10 • Seismic Stratigraphic Interpretation
11 • Seismic Interpretation Exercise (2X)
3
DEFINITIONS
 Geophysics:

The study of the earth by quantitative physical

methods, especially by seismic reflection and
refraction, gravity, magnetic, electrical,
electromagnetic, and radioactivity methods (Sheriff,
1999).

To avoid of confusion, the use of physics to study the

interior of the earth, from land surface to the inner
core, is known as Solid Earth Geophysics. This can be
subdivided further into Global Geophysics, which is the
study of the whole or substantial parts of the planet,
and Applied Geophysics which is concerned with
investigating the Earth’s crust and near-surface to
achieve a practical and, more often than not, an
economic aim (Reynolds, 1997).
 Geophysical Exploration / Geophysical
Prospecting / Applied Geophysics:

Making and interpreting measurements of physical

properties of the earth to determine subsurface
conditions, usually with an economic objective, e.g.,
discovery of fuel or mineral deposits. Properties
measured include seismic, gravity, magnetic, electric,
and temperature (Sheriff, 1999).

 Engineering Geophysics:

The application of Geophysical Methods to the

investigation of sub-surface materials structures which
are likely to have (significant) engineering application.
 Environmental Geophysics:

As the range of application of geophysics methods

has increase, particularly with respect to
contaminated land investigation, the sub-discipline
of “environmental geophysics” has developed
(Greenhouse, 1991; Steeples, 1991), This can be
defined as being:

“The application of geophysical methods to the

investigation of near-surface physico-chemical
phenomena which are likely to have
(significant) implication for the management of
the local environment”
1st
• SEDIMENTARY BASIN
ECONOMICS
NOT
IMPORTANT

2nd
• PETROLEUM SYSTEM

3rd
• EXPLORATION PLAY
ECONOMICS
VERY
IMPORTANT

4th
• PROSPECT

Magoon and Dow (1994)

1st • SEDIMENTARY BASIN

2nd • PETROLEUM SYSTEM

EXPLORATION
PHASE
3rd • EXPLORATION PLAY

4th • PROSPECT

5th • DELINEATION
DEVELOPMENT
6th • DEVELOPMENT & PRODUCTION
PHASE

7th • PRODUCTION

10
 PETROLEUM SYSTEM IN THE
EXPLORATION EVALUATION PROCESS

Risk

Geological and Petroleum

Generating Processes Post
Economic
Play Engineering Drill
Basin Petroleum Analysis
Concept/ Review
Review System
Prospect

Optimization

Volumetric

After Schneidermann & Robert M. Otis, IPA 1997

Sedimentary basins, petroleum systems, plays, and prospect
can be view as separate levels of investigation, all of which
are needed to better understand the genesis and habitat of
hydrocarbons.

Sedimentary basin investigations emphasize the stratigraphic

sequence and structural style of sedimentary rocks.

Petroleum system study describe the genetic relationship

between a pod of active source rock and the resulting oil and
gas accumulations.

Investigation of play describe the present-day geologic

similarity of a series of present-day traps.

Study of prospects describe the individual present-day trap

 FRONTIER BASIN ANALYSIS
If plate tectonics involves all phases of global geology, it follows that it directly
influences petroleum geology. There is no field of petroleum geology that is
not controlled by (or at least connected with) plate tectonic processes,
including basin formation processes, certain sedimentation processes, the
type of sediments present, and the thermal maturation of kerogen-thus, the
entire history of oil and gas. For example: a petroleum geologist will ask "To
what degree is a certain area a prospect for oil?" To arrive at a correct answer,
he or she must first answer a number of individual questions:

1 • In what type of basin does the area lie?

2 • How old is the sedimentary section?

3 • Are source beds, reservoirs and cap rocks present?

4 • What is the thermal history of the basin and the surrounding area?

5 • Are there hydrocarbon migration possibilities?

6 • Are there traps and, if so, of what type and age?

7 • Have hydrocarbons leaked?

8 • What is the possibility of discovering oil reserves?

 Petroleum System Definition
Geologic components and processes necessary to generate and store hydrocarbons, including a mature
source rock, migration pathway, reservoir rock, trap and seal. Appropriate relative timing of formation of
these elements and the processes of generation, migration and accumulation are necessary for
hydrocarbons to accumulate and be preserved. The components and critical timing relationships of a
petroleum system can be displayed in a chart that shows geologic time along the horizontal axis and the
petroleum system elements along the vertical axis. Exploration plays and prospects are typically
developed in basins or regions in which a complete petroleum system has some likelihood of existing.

Elements Processes
Source Rock Generation
Migration Route
Migration
Reservoir Rock
Accumulation
Seal Rock

Trap Preservation
 Factor Comparison
in the Four Levels of Petroleum Investigation

Factor Sedimentary Petroleum Play Prospect

Basin System
Investigation Sedimentary Rock Petroleum Traps Trap

Economics None None Essential Essential

Geologic Time Time of deposition Critical Moment Present-day Present-day

Existence Absolute Absolute Conditional Conditional

Cost Very Low Low High Very high

Analysis & Basin System High Prospect

Modeling
Magoon and Dow (1994)
Exploration and Development Challenges

Define the oil and gas

resources in the entire
basin of Indonesia
Prove the resources to be
reserves
Build reservoir model
accurately
Monitor and image the
dynamic properties of
reservoir until field
termination
Optimize production
Improve Recovery Factor

18
 How can we double the
production and still have bigger
reserve than we started with?

High Technology

19
Frequently used of geophysical methods
for surface recording and typical application
Geophysical Physical property Typical applications Comment on
method measured applicability

Seismology Seismic wave velocity, Delineation of Exploration seismology is the

seismic impedance stratigraphy and most widely used geophysical
contrast, attenuation, structures in petroleum method in petroleum
anisotropy exploration exploration.

Gravity Surveys Rock density contrast Reconnaissance of large- Gravity survey are generally
scale density anomalies in less expensive but have less
petroleum and mineral resolving power than seismic
exploration exploration.

Magnetic Surveys Magnetic susceptibility Reconnaissance of the Aeromagnetic surveys are

or the rock’s intrinsic crustal magnetic widely used in both petroleum
magnetization properties, especially for and mining application for
determination of determining large, deep
basement features structure.

Electrical and Rock resistivity, Mineral exploration These methods are used most
electromagnetic capacitance, and frequently in mining
surveys inductance properties exploration and well logging
(resistivity, SP, and induction
log)

(Lines and Newrick, 2004)

 Geophysical Dependent Physical Applications (see key below)
methods Property
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Gravity Density P P S S S S U U S U
Magnetic Susceptibility P P P S U M U P P U
Seismic Refraction Elastic Moduli, density P P M P S S U U U U
Seismic Reflection Elastic Moduli, density P P M S S M U U U U
Resistivity Resistivity M M P P P P P S P M
Spontaneous Potential Potential differences U U P M P M M M U U
Induced Polarization Resistivity, capacitance M M P M S M M M M M
Electromagnetic (EM) Conductance, inductance S P P P P P P P P M
EM - VLF Conductance, inductance M M P M S S S M M U
EM – Ground Penetrating Permitivity, conductivity
U U M P P P S P P P
Radar
Magneto-telluric Resistivity S P P M M U U U U U
(Reynolds, 1997)
P= primary method; S=secondary method; U=unsuitable
M=may be used but not necessarily the best approach, or has not been developed for this application
Applications:
1 Hydrocarbon exploration (coal, gas, oil) 6 Detection of sub-surface cavities
2 Regional Geological study (over areas of 100s of km2) 7 Mapping of leachate and contaminant plumes
3 Exploration/development of mineral deposit 8 Location and definition of buried metallic objects
4 Engineering site investigations 9 Archaeological geophysics
5 Hydrogeological investigations 10 Forensic geophysics
 Oil and gas operational phases and Technology Involvement

Project Critical subsurface information Technology

phase Involvement
1) Exploration  Proven Petroleum System and Play  Geophysics
 Resources information  Geology Concept
 Drilling

2) Delineation  Total hydrocarbon volume  Geophysics

 Areal limits of petroleum reservoir  Geology Concept
 Deliverability  Drilling
 Reservoir

3) Development  Compartmentalization  Geophysics

 Exact locations of development wells  Development Geology
 Drilling
 Reservoir

4) Production  Hydrocarbon saturation and pressure changes  Production

 Flow restrictions and channeling  Reservoir
 Geophysics
Paradigm Shift of Gravity Technology Application
For Oil and Gas Industry

• Regional Study • Gravity, Magnetic, 2D Seismic

1 1

• Leads and Prospect Generation • 2D or 3D Seismic

2 2

• Drillable Prospect Generation • 2D or 3D Seismic

3 3
• Borehole Seismic
• Drilling
4 4 (Checkshot, VSP)
• 3D Seismic Reflection,
• Plan of Development
5 5 Resistivity
• Time lapse Geophysics
• Reservoir Monitoring
6 6 (4D Gravity, 4D Seismic)

24
 Stages in Geophysical Technology
Application for Subsurface Mapping

Data Acquisition

Survey Design
Data Processing

Data Interpretation

Geophysical Subsurface Model

 PUSTAKA
1. Abriel, William L.; 2008: Reservoir Geophysics: Applications ;
Distinguished Instructor Series, No. 11. SEG & EAGE.

2. Brown, 1998, Interpretation of 3-D Seismic Data.

3. Calvert, Rodney; 2008: Insights and Methods for Reservoir 4D

Reservoir Monitoring and Characterization; Distinguished Instructor
Series, No. 8. SEG & EAGE.

4. Dobrin, MB, 1980, Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting,2nd,

McGraw-Hill Book Company.

5. Gibson, R. I. (1998): Gravity and Magnetics in Oil Exploration: A

Historical Perspective, in Gibson, R.I., Millegan, P.S. Eds., Geologic
Applications of Gravity and Magnetics: Case Histories; SEG
Geophysical References Series, No 8, AAPG Studies in Geology, No.
43; Published Jointly by SEG and AAPG, Tulsa, USA.

6. Link, 1992, Basic Petroleum Geology.

 PUSTAKA
7. Magoon, L.B.; Dow, W.G., 1994: The Petroleum System – From Source to
Trap; AAPG Memoir 60; Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA.

8. McConnell, D., Steer, D., Knight, C., Owens, K., Park, L., 2008; The Good
Earth; Mc Graw Hill.

9. Reynolds, John, M.; 1997; An Introduction to Applied and Environmental

Geophysics; John Wiley and Sons Ltd.

10. Sharma, PV, 1990, Geophysical Methods in Geology, 2nd, Elsevier.

11. Sheriff, RE, 1995, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics, 3th

ed, SEG.

7. Sheriff, R.E, Geldart, L.P., 1995; Exploration Seismology, 2nd Edition;

Cambridge University Press.

8. Sheriff, R.E. (ed.); 1994; Reservoir Geophysics; Society of Exploration

Geophysicists, Tulsa Oklahoma

9. Telford, WM., Geldart, LPm, Sherriff, RE., 1990, Applied Geophysics, 2nd ed,
Cambridge University Press.