EMM
EMM
EMM
METALLURGY
PREPARED BY
N.MATHAN KUMAR, M.E.,(Ph.D)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
RVS SCHOOL OF ENGG & TECH,
DINDIGUL.
ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
METALLURGY
industry.
Some jewelry industry(Grades of the gold)
Manufacturing industry.
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ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
METALLURGY
OBJECTIVE
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ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
METALLURGY
5
ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
METALLURGY
UNIT:I CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND
PHASE DIAGRAMS
Constitution of alloys-Solid solution,
substitutional and interstitial-Phase
diagrams, Isomorphous, eutectic,
peritectic, and peritectroid reactions,
Iron-Iron carbon equilibrium diagram.
UNIT:III
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND TESTING
Mechanism of plastic deformation, slip and
twinning-types of fracture-testing of materials
under tension, compression and shear loads-
Hardness tests (Brinell, Vickers and Rockwell),
Impact test-Izod and charpy, Fatigue and creep
tests, fracture toughness tests.
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ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
METALLURGY
UNIT:IV
FERROUS AND NON FERROUS METALS
Effect of alloying elements on steel(Mn, Si,
Cr, Mo, V, Ti & W) –Stainless and tool steels
–HSLA-maraging steels-Cast irons-Grey,
White malleable, spheroidal-Graphite, Alloy
cast irons,
Copper and copper alloys-Brass, Bronze and
Cupronickel-Aluminum and Al-Cu alloy-
Precipitation hardening-Bearing alloys.
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ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
METALLURGY
UNIT V
NON-METALLIC MATERIALS
Polymers-Types of polymer, commodity and
Engineering polymers-properties and
applications of PE, PP, PS, PVC, PMMA, PET,
PC, PA, ABS, PI, PAI, PPO, PPS, PEEK, PTFE
Polymer-Urea and Phenol formaldehydes-
Engineering ceramics-Introduction to fiber
reinforced plastics.
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ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
METALLURGY
Each category of engineering application requires material from any or all of
NMK
these three group of materials
Ceramics and Polymers
S
Metals and alloys
AB -AP/MECH SONACT
glasses
Engineering Materials
Application
plastics
reinforce d
Metal-
reinforced steel
,gold, Brasses,,
bronze s, maganin
Si,Ge,GaAs,
magnetic alloys
Structure:
The internal structure of a material,
simply called the structure.
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NON-METALLIC MATERIALS:
PE (polyethylene)
PP (Polypropylene)
PS(Polystyrene)
PMMA(Polymethyl methacrylate)
PET(Polyethylene teraphthalate)
PC(Polycarbonates)
PA(Polyamides)
ABS(Acryknitrile-Butadiene-styrene)
PI(Polyimide)
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NON-METALLIC MATERIALS:
PAI( Polyamideimide)
PPO(Polyphenylene oxide)
PPS(Polyphenylene sulphide)
PEEK(Polyether ether ketone)
PTFE(Polytetra fluoro ethylene)
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ENGINEERING MATERIALS AND
METALLURGY
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS
AND PHASE DIAGRAMS
CONSTITUTION- establishment, foundation,
charter, bill.
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS
AND PHASE DIAGRAMS
SOME TECHNICAL TERMS AND
DEFINITIONS:
1.SYSTEM: It is a combination of phases of one or
more components.
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CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS
AND PHASE DIAGRAMS
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS:
4.ALLOY:
Alloy find very wide application in the industry than pure metals.
2. High ductility
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND
PHASE DIAGRAMS
Mechanical properties
1. Tensile strength
2. Yield point
3. Hardness are
improved by alloying.
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND PHASE
DIAGRAMS
CLASSIFICATION OF ALLOYS
CLASSIFICATION OF
ALLOYS
Solid Intermedia
Pure metals
Solution te phase
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND
PHASE DIAGRAMS
of phases.
physically distinct.
phase. 24
UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND
PHASE DIAGRAMS
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND
PHASE DIAGRAMS
Themajor element which is large in
amount is called base metal or parent
metal or solvent.
The other element that is lesser in
amount is called the alloying element or
solute, it is the minor part (such as salt or
sugar which is less in amount, being
mixed in water- solvent).
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND
PHASE DIAGRAMS
5. MIXTURE:
It is a material more than one phase.
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND
PHASE DIAGRAMS
SOLID SOLUTION
Substitutinal Interstitial
Solid solution solid solution
Disordered Ordered
(or) Random (or) regular
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND
PHASE DIAGRAMS
Solid solutions:
A solid solution is the simplest type of alloys.
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND
PHASE DIAGRAMS
A solid solution may be defined as a solid
that consist of two or more elements
atomically dispersed in a single-phase
structure.
A solid solution is composed of two parts.
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND
PHASE DIAGRAMS
the solution.
liquid or gas.
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND
PHASE DIAGRAMS
Solid solution:
Simply a solution in the solid state.
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UNIT:I
CONSTITUTION OF ALLOYS AND
PHASE DIAGRAMS
space lattice:
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SOLID SOLUTION
Case:
In certain cases, the solidification of an
alloy results in the formation of one kind of
crystal.
In which both metals are present, but they
cannot be detected by the microscope
Although properties of the crystals are
profoundly( deeply,strongly) changed.
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SOLID SOLUTION
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SUBSTITUTIONAL SOLID SOLUTION
Solute Atoms
1
3
SOLVENT OR S
AB
MATRIX ATOMS -
Solute
Atoms
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SUBSTITUTIONAL SOLID SOLUTION
Nickel atoms);
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SUBSTITUTIONAL SOLID SOLUTION
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SUBSTITUTIONAL SOLID SOLUTION
ordered structures.
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INTERSTITIAL SOLID SOLUTION
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INTERSTITIAL SOLID SOLUTION
Solvent or
matrix atoms Solute atoms
CARBON
(solute)
IRON
( SOLVENT)
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INTERSTITIAL SOLID SOLUTION
in maintaining 18Cr-8Ni
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HUME - ROTHERY’S RULES OF SOLID
SOLUBILITY
15%.
solution.
metal.
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INTERSTITIAL SOLID SOLUTION
appreciable extent.
solid solution.
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POSSIBILITIES OF SOLID SOLUTIONS
3. Supersaturated solid solution:
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PHASE DIAGRAM
1. Isomorphous
2. Eutectoid system
3. Eutectic system
4.Peritectic system
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5. Peritectroid reactions
PHASE DIAGRAM
Phase Diagrams
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PHASE DIAGRAM
(or)
A phase diagram is a map showing the
structure or phase present as the
temperature and overall composition of
the material are varied.
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WHY SHOULD PHASE DIAGRAMS BE
STUDIED?
important questions:
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WHY SHOULD PHASE DIAGRAMS BE
STUDIED?
properties?
varied?
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WHY SHOULD PHASE DIAGRAMS BE
STUDIED?
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
1. Components
2. System
3. Alloy
4. Solid solution
5. Solute Solution
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
6. Solvent
7. Phase
8. Equilibrium
9. Solubility limit
10.Degrees of freedom
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
CU and Zn. 65
TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
2. SYSTEM: The system has two meanings in this
context
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
3. ALLOY:
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
4.SOLID SOLUTION:
phase structure.
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
5. SOLUTE SOLUTION:
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
6. SOLVENT:
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
7. PHASE:
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
8. EQUILIBRIUM:
to be completed.
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
value.
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
9. SOLUBILITY LIMIT:
phase.
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
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NOTE: The addition of solution in excess
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TERMINOLOGY USED IN PHASE DIAGRAMS
NMK
10. DEGREES OF FREEDOM:
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WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM PHASE?
NMK
A phase may be a portion of matter which is
of a substance.
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WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM PHASE?
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In Layman’s term, a phase requires a unique
boundaries or interfaces
single phase.
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WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM PHASE?
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The pure substance water can exist in solid,
homogeneous solution. 82
WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM PHASE?
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Thus the salt- water solution forms a single
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WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM PHASE?
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A Single phase system is also termed as
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WHAT IS MEANT BY THE TERM PHASE?
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System composed of two or more phases are
Fig (d)
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ILLUSTRATION OF PHASES
WATER VAPOUR(3)
NMK
RVS SOET MECH
ICE (1) W
ATER(2)
WATER
ILLUSTRATION OF PHASES:
(A) Three
forms of water: 1) Ice 2)water 3)
water vapour are each a phase. 86
ILLUSTRATION OF PHASES
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salt
87
ILLUSTRATION OF PHASES
1
/5
Saturated brine /20
1
3
SAB-AP/MECH
S
O
Excess salt
N
A
CT
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ILLUSTRATION OF PHASES
NMK
RVS SOET MECH
OIL
WATER
NMK
One- Component Phase diagram
NMK
RVS SOET MECH
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PHASE DIAGRAM OF PURE
SUBSTANCE
NMK
A pure substance such as water can exist in
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PHASE DIAGRAM OF PURE
SUBSTANCE
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The phase relationships may be represented on
93
PHASE DIAGRAM OF PURE
SUBSTANCE
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The phase diagram is composed of regions of
phase is stable.
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PHASE DIAGRAM OF PURE
SUBSTANCE
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Liquid and vapour phase exist along the
lines.
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PHASE DIAGRAM OF PURE
SUBSTANCE
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The point “O” is know as Triple point.
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The properties of an alloy depend on nature,
phases.
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PHASE DIAGRAMS
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It has the following characteristics
1. Same structure throughout.
properties throughout.
and surrounding.
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J.W. GIBBS
( JOSIAH WILLARD GIBBS)
NMK
RVS SOET MECH
99
J.W. GIBBS( JOSIAH WILLARD
GIBBS)
JOSIAH WILLARD GIBBS PROPOSAL
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(OR)
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GIBBS PHASE RULE
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J.W. Gibbs, American physicist derived an
number of components.
101
GIBB’S PHASE RULE
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The phase rule indicates the phases that exists
relation:
P+F=C+n
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GIBB’S PHASE RULE
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P- Number of phases that exist in a
concentration. 103
GIBB’S PHASE RULE
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F- Degree of freedom. It is the number of
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In most studies the pressure is constant
P+F=C+1
105
USES OF PHASE RULE
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The phase rule predicts maximum number of
phases present in the alloy under equilibrium
106
USES OF PHASE RULE
NMK
Thus the phase rule is useful to know whether
the alloy.
107
ILLUSTRATION OF THE USE OF THE
PHASE RULE
NMK
Let us consider the application of gibbs phase rule
to the phase diagram of water system
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The number of degree of freedom can be
calculated using the Gibbs phase rule as,
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Note: Since the variables temperature or
110
THE USE OF THE PHASE RULE
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Case 2: Next consider a point along liquid-
solid freezing curve
111
THE USE OF THE PHASE RULE
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This means that one variable
112
THE USE OF THE PHASE RULE
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Case:3
Now consider a point on the phase
113
THE USE OF THE PHASE RULE
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F=1-1+2
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THE USE OF THE PHASE RULE
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Note: In many application (especially for most
atmosphere.
F=C-P+1
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THE USE OF THE PHASE RULE
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The above equation is known as condensed phase
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OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
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1. -----------May be visualized as forming from a
Crystal
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OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
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2.Perfect crystal of proper external shape can be
conditions
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MICRO-CONSTITUENTS OF IRON-CARBON
ALLOYS
NMK
There are different micorscope constituents of
119
VARIOUS MICRO-CONSTITUENTS OF IRON-
CARBON ALLOYS ARE:
NMK
1.Ferrite
3.Cementite
4.Pearlite
5.Ledeburite
120
6.Martensite
VARIOUS MICRO-CONSTITUENTS OF IRON-
CARBON ALLOYS ARE:
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7. Troosite
9.Bainite
121
VARIOUS MICRO-CONSTITUENTS OF IRON-
CARBON ALLOYS ARE:
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1. Ferrite (or α-Iron)
carbon in iron.
122
NMK RVS SOET MECH
123
FERRITE
VARIOUS MICRO-CONSTITUENTS OF IRON-
CARBON ALLOYS ARE:
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Maximum solubility of carbon in iron is 0.025% carbon
only 0.008%.
Magnetic.
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2. Austenite(or γ-Iron)
carbon in iron
125
NMK RVS SOET MECH
126
AUSTENITE
AUSTENITE
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It is also a non-magnetic (paramagnetic)
127
CEMENTITE
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Cementite is the name given to the carbide of
128
CEMENTITE
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The hardness and brittleness of cast iron is
cementite.
129
NMK RVS SOET MECH
130
CEMENTITE
PEARLITE
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Pearlite is the eutectoid mixture of ferrite
131
NMK RVS SOET MECH
132
PEARLITE
PEARLITE
LAMELLAR-PEARLITE BEADED BAG
NMK
RVS SOET MECH
133
PEARLITE
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It consist of alternate thin layers (or lamellae) of
134
PEARLITE
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The properties of pearlite is midway between
and ductile.
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LEDEBURITE
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Ledeburite is the eutectic mixture of austenite(γ-Iron) and
136
LEDEBURITE
NMK
Pig iron, the most important engineering
137
NMK RVS SOET MECH
138
LEDEBURITE
NMK RVS SOET MECH
139
LEDEBURITE
MARTENSITE
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Martensite is the super saturated solid solution
austenitic state.
structure. 140
MARTENSITE
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It is very hard more brittle and low ductility
141
MARTENSITE
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As a result internal stresses are set up in the
cracks.
142
MARTENSITE (RED AND YELLOW
MARTENSITE. GREEN: AUSTENITE)
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RVS SOET MECH
143
TROOSTITE
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Troosite is the mixture of radial lamella of
pearlite.
144
TROOSTITE
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It is the microstructure consisting ferrite and
145
TROOSTITE
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It is formed by the decomposition of austenite
146
TROOSTITE
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It has hardness intermediate between
147
NMK RVS SOET MECH
148
TROOSTITE
SORBITE
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Sorbite is the microstructure consisting ferrite,
149
SORBITE
NMK
This constituents is also known as sorbitic
150
SORBITE
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Though sorbitic steel is slightly less ductile than
high.
steels.
151
NMK RVS SOET MECH
152
SORBITE
SORBITE
NMK
Note:
dispersion.
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Troosite has fine pearlite
154
BAINITE
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Bainite is a decomposition product of austenite,
155
BAINITE
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Lower bainite provides high mechanical
156
NMK RVS SOET MECH
157
BAINITE
IRON/CARBON ALLOY PHASE DIAGRAM
NMK
RVS SOET MECH
158
NMK RVS SOET MECH
159