Chapter 2

SOLUTIONS
CHAPTER 2
EXERCISE 2.4
 The following problems deal with translating
from C to MIPS. Assume that the variables f, g, h,
i, and j are assigned to registers $s0, $s1, $s2, $s3,
and $s4, respectively. Assume that the base
address of the arrays A and B are in registers $s6
and $s7, respectively.
a. f = -g - A[4];
b. B[8] = A[i - j]
 2.4.1 For the C statement above, what is the
corresponding MIPS assembly code?
 Solution:
a. lw $s0, 16($s6)
sub $s0, $0, $s0
sub $s0, $s0, $s1
b. sub $t0, $s3, $s4
slli $t0, $t0, 2
add $t0, $s6, $t0
lw $t1, 0($t0)
sw $t1, 32($s7)
 2.4.2 For the C statements above, how many
MIPS assembly instructions are needed to
perform the C statement?
 Solution:
a. 3
b. 5
 2.4.3 For the C statement above, how many
different registers are needed to carry out the C
statement?
 Solution:
a. 3
b. 6
 The following problems deal with translating from
MIPS to C. Assume that the variables f, g, h, i, and j
are assigned to registers $s0, $s1, $s2, $s3, and $s4,
respectively. Assume that the base address of the
arrays A and B are in registers $s6 and $s7,
respectively.
a. slli $s2, $s4, 1 // h=j*2
add $s0, $s2, $s3 // f=j*2+i
add $s0, $s0, $s1 // f=j*2+i+g
b. add $t0, $s6, $s0 //t0= &A[f/4]
add $t1, $s7, $s1 // t1= &B[g/4]
lw $s0, 0($t0) //s0= A[f/4]
addi $t2, $t0, 4 //t2= &A[f/4+1]
lw $t0, 0($t2) // t0= A[f/4+1]
add $t0, $t0, $s0 // t0= A[f/4]+ A[f/4+1]
sw $t0, 0($t1) // B[g/4]= A[f/4]+ A[f/4+1]
 2.4.4 For the MIPS assembly instructions above,
what is the corresponding C statement?
 Solution:
a. f = 2j + i + g;
b. B[g] = A[f] + A[1+f];
rewrite the assembly code to minimize the
number if MIPS instructions (if possible) needed
to carry out the same function.
 Solution:
a. slli $s2, $s4, 1

add $s0, $s2, $s3
add $s0, $s0, $s1
b. add $t0, $s6, $s0
add $t1, $s7, $s1
lw $s0, 0($t0)
lw $t0, 4($t0)
add $t0, $t0, $s0
sw $t0, 0($t1)
 2.4.6 How many registers are needed to carry
out the MIPS assembly as written above? If you
could rewrite the code above, what is the minimal
number of registers needed?
 Solution:
a. 5 as written, 5 minimally
b. 7 as written, 6 minimally
EXERCISE 2.6
from C to MIPS. Assume that the variables f, g, h,
i, and j are assigned to registers $s0, $s1, $s2, $s3,
and $s4, respectively. Assume that the base
address of the arrays A and B are in registers $s6
and $s7, respectively. Assume that the elements
of arrays A and B are 4-byte words:
a. f = -g+h+B[1]
b. f=A[B[g]+1]
 2.6.1 For the C statement above, what is the
corresponding MIPS assembly code?
 Solution:
a. lw $t0, 4($s7) # $t0 <-- B[1]

sub $t0, $t0, $s1 # $t0 <-- B[1] − g
add $s0, $t0, $s2 # f <-- B[1] −g + h
b. sll $t0, $s1, 2 # $t0 <-- 4*g
add $t0, $t0, $s7 # $t0 <-- Addr(B[g])
lw $t0, 0($t0) # $t0 <-- B[g]
addi $t0, $t0, 1 # $t0 <-- B[g]+1
sll $t0, $t0, 2 # $t0 <-- 4*(B[g]+1) = Addr(A[B[g]+1])
add $t0, $t0, $s6
lw $s0, 0($t0) # f <-- A[B[g]+1]
MIPS assembly instructions are needed to
perform the C statement?
 Solution:
a. 3
b. 6
registers are needed to carry out the C statement
using MIPS assembly code?
 Solution:
a. 5
b. 4
from MIPS to C. The following problems deal
with translating from C to MIPS. Assume that
the variables f, g, h, i, and j are assigned to
registers $s0, $s1, $s2, $s3, and $s4, respectively.
Assume that the base address of the arrays A
and B are in registers $s6 and $s7, respectively.
a. sub $s0, $s0, $s1
sub $s0, $s0, $s3
add $s0, $s0, $s1
b. addi $t0, $s6, 4
add $t1, $s6, $0
sw $t1, 0($t0)
lw $t0, 0($t0)
add $s0, $t1, $t0
from MIPS to C. The following problems deal
with translating from C to MIPS. Assume that
the variables f, g, h, i, and j are assigned to
registers $s0, $s1, $s2, $s3, and $s4, respectively.
Assume that the base address of the arrays A
and B are in registers $s6 and $s7, respectively.
a. sub $s0, $s0, $s1 // f=f-g
sub $s0, $s0, $s3 // f=f-g-i
add $s0, $s0, $s1 //f=f-i
b. addi $t0, $s6, 4 // t0=&(A[1])
add $t1, $s6, $0 // t1=&A[0]
sw $t1, 0($t0) // A[1]= &A[0]
lw $t0, 0($t0) // t0=&A[0]
add $s0, $t1, $t0 // f0=&A[0]+&A[0]
what is the corresponding C statement?
 Solution:
a. f = f – i;
b. f = 2 * (&A);
 2.6.5 For the MIPS assembly above, assume that
the registers $s0, $s1, $s2, and $s3 contain the
values 0x0000000a, 0x00000014, 0x0000001e,
and 0x00000028, respectively. Also, assume that
register $s6 contains the value 0x00000100, and
that memory contains the following values:
Address Value
0x00000100 0x00000064
0x00000104 000000c8
0x00000108 0000012c
Find the value of $s0 at the end of the assembly

code.
 Solution:
a. $s0 = −30 // add $s0, $s0, $s1 //f=f-i
b. $s0 = 512 //f0=&A[0]+&A[0]
 2.6.6 For each MIPS instruction, show the value
of the opcode(OP), source register(RS), and target
register(RT) fields. For the I-type instructions,
show the value of the immediate field, and for the
R-type instructions, show the value of the
desination register(RD) field.
 Solution:
a Type opcode rs rt rd immed
sub $s0,$s0, $s1 R-type 0 16 17 16
sub $s0, $s0, $s3 R-type 0 16 19 16
add $s0, $s0, $s1 R-type 0 16 17 16
b Type opcode rs rt rd immed
addi $t0, $s6, 4 I-type 8 22 8 4
add $t1, $s6, $0 R-type 0 22 0 9
sw $t1, 0($t0) I-type 43 8 9 0
lw $t0, 0($t0) I-type 35 8 8 0
add $s0, $t1, $t0 R-type 0 9 8 16
EXERCISE 2.14
 The following figure shows the placement of a bit
field in register $t0.
31 i, i-1 j,j-1 0
Field
32 - i bits i – j bits j bits
In the following problems, you will be asked to

write MIPS instructions to extract the bits “Field”
from register $t0 and place them into register $t1
at the location indicated in the following table.
31 31 – (i - j) 0
a Field 000…000
31 14 + i – j bits 14 0
b 111…111 Field 111…111
 2.14.1 Find the shortest sequence of MIPS
instructions that extracts a field from $t0 for the
constant values i = 22 and j = 5 and places the
field into $t1 in the format shown in the data
table.
 Solution:
a. lui $t1, 0x003f //

ori $t1, $t1, 0xffe0
and $t1, $t0, $t1
srl $t1, $t1, 5
b. lui $t1, 0x003f (reverse the pattern)
ori $t1, $t1, 0xffe0
or $t1, $t0, $t1
sll $t1, $t1, 9
table.
 Solution:
a. add $t1, $t0, $0

sll $t1, $t1, 28
b. andi $t0, $t0, 0x000f
sll $t0, $t0, 14
ori $t1, $t1, 0x3fff
sll $t1, $t1, 18
or $t1, $t1, $t0
table.
 Solution:
a. srl $t1, $t0, 28
sll $t1, $t1, 29
b. srl $t0, $t0, 28
andi $t0, $t0, 0x0007
sll $t0, $t0, 14
sll $t1, $t1, 17
or $t1, $t1, $t0
 In the following problems, you will be asked to
write MIPS instructions to extract the bits “Field”
from register $t0 shown in the figure and place
them into register $t1 at the location indicated in
the following table. The bits shown as “XXX” are
to remain unchanged.
31 31 – (i - j) 0
a Field XXX…XXX
31 14 + i – j bits 14 0
b XXX…XXX Field XXX…XXX
table.
 Solution:
a. srl $t0, $t0, 11

sll $t0, $t0, 26
ori $t2, $0, 0x03ff
sll $t2, $t2, 16
ori $t2, $t2, 0xffff
and $t1, $t1, $t2
or $t1, $t1, $t0
table.
 Solution:
b. srl $t0, $t0, 11

sll $t0, $t0, 26
srl $t0, $t0, 12
ori $t2, $0, 0xfff0
sll $t2, $t2, 16
and $t1, $t1, $t2
or $t1, $t1, $t0
table.
 Solution:
a. sll $t0, $t0, 27

ori $t2, $0, 0x07ff
sll $t2, $t2, 16
and $t1, $t1, $t2
or $t1, $t1, $t0
table.
 Solution:
b. sll $t0, $t0, 27

srl $t0, $t0, 13
ori $t2, $0, 0xfff8
sll $t2, $t2, 16
and $t1, $t1, $t2
or $t1, $t1, $t0
table.
 Solution:
a. srl $t0, $t0, 29

sll $t0, $t0, 30
ori $t2, $0, 0x3fff
sll $t2, $t2, 16
and $t1, $t1, $t2
or $t1, $t1, $t0
table.
 Solution:
b. srl $t0, $t0, 29

sll $t0, $t0, 30
srl $t0, $t0, 16
ori $t2, $0, 0xffff
sll $t2, $t2, 16
and $t1, $t1, $t2
or $t1, $t1, $t0
EXERCISE 2.20
 This exercise deals with recursive procedure calls. For the
following problems, the table has an assembly code
fragment that computes the factorial of a number. However,
the entries in the table have errors, and you will be asked
to fix these errors. For number n, factorial of n =
1×2×3×…×n.
 a.FACT: sw $ra, 4($sp)  b.FACT: addi $sp, $sp, 8
 sw $a0, 0($sp)  sw $ra, 4($sp)
 addi $sp, $sp, -8  sw $a0, 0($sp)
 slti $t0, $a0, 1  add $s0, $0, $a0
 beq $t0, $0, L1  slti $t0, $a0, 2
 addi $v0, $0, 1  beq $t0, $0, L1
 addi $sp, $sp, 8  mul $v0, $s0, $v0
 jr $ra  addi $sp, $sp, -8
 jr $ra
 L1: addi $a0, $a0, -1  L1: addi $a0, $a0, -1
 jal FACT  jal FACT
 addi $sp, $sp, 8  addi $v0, $0, 1
 lw $a0, 0($sp)  lw $a0, 0($sp)
 lw $ra, 4($sp)  lw $ra, 4($sp)
 mul $v0, $a0, $v0  addi $sp, $sp, -8
 jr $ra  jr $ra
 2.20.1 The MIPS assembly program above
computes the factorial of a given input. The
register input is passed through register $a0, and
the result is returned in register $v0. In the
assembly code, there are a few errors. Correct the
MIPS errors.
 Solution:
 a.
 FACT:
 addi $sp, $sp, −8 # make room in stack for 2 more items
 sw $ra, 4($sp) # save the return address
 sw $a0, 0($sp) # save the argument n
 slti $t0, $a0, 1 # $t0 = $a0 x 2
 beq, $t0, $0, L1 # if $t0 = 0, goto L1
 add $v0, $0, 1 # return 1
 add $sp, $sp, 8 # pop two items from the stack
 jr $ra # return to the instruction after jal
 L1:
 addi $a0, $a0, −1 # subtract 1 from argument
 jal FACT # call fact(n−1)
 lw $a0, 0($sp) # just returned from jal: restore n
 lw $ra, 4($sp) # restore the return address
 mul $v0, $a0, $v0 # return n*fact(n−1)
 jr $ra # return to the caller
 Solution:
 b.
 FACT:
 addi $sp, $sp, −8 # make room in stack for 2 more items
 sw $ra, 4($sp) # save the return address
 sw $a0, 0($sp) # save the argument n
 slti $t0, $a0, 1 # $t0 = $a0 x 2
 beq, $t0, $0, L1 # if $t0 = 0, goto L1
 add $v0, $0, 1 # return 1
 jr $ra # return to the instruction after jal
 L1:
 addi $a0, $a0, −1 # subtract 1 from argument
 jal FACT # call fact(n−1)
 lw $a0, 0($sp) # just returned from jal: restore n
 lw $ra, 4($sp) # restore the return address
 mul $v0, $a0, $v0 # return n*fact(n−1)
 jr $ra # return to the caller
 2.20.2 For the recursive factorial MIPS program
above, assume that the input is 4. Rewrite the
factorial program to operate in a non-recursive
manner. Restrict your register usage to registers
$s0-$s7. What is the total number of instructions
used to execute your solution from 2.20.2 versus
the recursive version of the factorial program?
 Solution:
a.
25 MIPS instructions to execute non-recursive vs. 45
instructions to execute (corrected version of) recursion
Non-recursive version:
 FACT: addi $sp, $sp, −4
 sw $ra, 4($sp)
 add $s0, $0, $a0
 add $s2, $0, $1
 LOOP: slti $t0, $s0, 2
 bne $t0, $0, DONE
 mul $s2, $s0, $s2
 addi $s0, $s0, −1
 j LOOP
 DONE: add $v0, $0, $s2
 lw $ra, 4($sp)
 addi $sp, $sp, 4
 jr $ra
 Solution:
b.
instructions to execute (corrected version of) recursion
 sw $ra, 4($sp)
 add $s0, $0, $a0
 add $s2, $0, $1
 LOOP: slti $t0, $s0, 2
 bne $t0, $0, DONE
 mul $s2, $s0, $s2
 addi $s0, $s0, −1
 j LOOP
 DONE: add $v0, $0, $s2
 lw $ra, 4($sp)
 jr $ra
 2.20.3 Show the contents of the stack after each
function call, assuming that the input is 4.
 Solution:
a.
Recursive version
 sw $ra, 4($sp)
 sw $a0, 0($sp)
 add $s0, $0, $a0
 HERE: slti $t0, $a0, 2
 beq $t0, $0, L1
 addi $v0, $0, 1
 jr $ra
 L1: addi $a0, $a0, −1
 jal FACT
 mul $v0, $s0, $v0
 lw $a0, 0($sp)
 lw $ra, 4($sp)
 jr $ra
 Solution:
a.
at label HERE, after calling function FACT with
input of 4:
old $sp -> 0xnnnnnnnn ???
−4 contents of register $ra
$sp-> −8 contents of register $a0
input of 3:
−8 contents of register $a0
$sp -> −16 contents of register $a0
 Solution:
a.
input of 2:
 Solution:
a.
input of 1:
 Solution:
b.
Recursive version
 sw $ra, 4($sp)
 sw $a0, 0($sp)
 add $s0, $0, $a0
 HERE: slti $t0, $a0, 2
 beq $t0, $0, L1
 addi $v0, $0, 1
 jr $ra
 L1: addi $a0, $a0, −1
 jal FACT
 mul $v0, $s0, $v0
 lw $a0, 0($sp)
 lw $ra, 4($sp)
 jr $ra
 Solution:
b.
input of 4:
$sp-> −8 contents of register $a0
input of 3:
 Solution:
b.
input of 2:
 Solution:
b.
input of 1:
 For the following problems, the table has an
assembly code fragment that computes a
Fibonacci number. However, the entries in the
table have errors, and you will be asked to fix the
errors. For number n, the Fibonacci of n is
calculated as follows:
n Fibonacci of n
1 1
2 1
3 2
4 3
5 5
6 8
7 13
8 21
 a.  b.
FIB: addi $sp, $sp, -12 FIB: addi $sp, $sp, -12
sw $ra, 0($sp) sw $ra, 8($sp)
sw $s1, 4($sp) sw $s1, 4($sp)
sw $a0, 8($sp)
sw $a0, 0($sp)
slti $t0, $a0, 1
slti $t0, $a0, 3
beq $t0, $0, L1
addi $v0, $a0, $0
beq $t0, $0, L1
j EXIT addi $v0, $0, 1
L1: addi $a0, $a0, -1 j EXIT
jal FIB L1: addi $a0, $a0, -1
addi $s1, $v0, $0 jal FIB
addi $a0,$a0, -1 addi $a0, $a0, -2
jal FIB jal FIB
add $v0, $v0, $s1 add $v0, $v0, $s1
EXIT:lw $ra, 0($sp) EXIT:lw $a0, 0($sp)
lw $a0, 8($sp) lw $s1, 4($sp)
lw $s1, 4($sp) lw $ra, 8($sp)
addi $sp, $sp, 12
addi $sp, $sp, 12
jr $ra
jr $ra
 2.20.4 The MIPS assembly program above
computes the Fibonacci of a given input. The
integer input is passed through register $a0, and
the result is returned in register $v0. In the
assembly code, there are a few errors. Correct the
MIPS errors.
 Solution:
a.
 FIB:  L1:
 addi $sp, $sp, −12  addi $a0, $a0, −1
 sw $ra, 8($sp)  jal FIB

 addi $s1, $v0, $0
 sw $s1, 4($sp)
 addi $a0, $a0, −1
 sw $a0, 0($sp)
 jal FIB
 slti $t0, $a0, 3
 add $v0, $v0, $s1
 beq $t0, $0, L1
 EXIT:
 addi $v0, $0, 1
 lw $a0, 0($sp)
 j EXIT
 lw $s1, 4($sp)
 lw $ra, 8($sp)
 jr $ra
 Solution:
b.
 FIB:  L1:
 addi $sp, $sp, −12  addi $a0, $a0, −1
 jal FIB
 sw $ra, 8($sp)
 addi $s1, $v0, $0
 sw $s1, 4($sp)
 addi $a0, $a0, −1
 sw $a0, 0($sp)
 jal FIB
 slti $t0, $a0, 3
 add $v0, $v0, $s1
 beq $t0, $0, L1
 EXIT:
 addi $v0, $0, 1  lw $a0, 0($sp)
 j EXIT  lw $s1, 4($sp)
 lw $ra, 8($sp)
 jr $ra
 2.20.5 For the recursive Fibonacci MIPS
program above, assume that the input is 4.
Rewrite the Fibonacci program to operate in a
non-recursive manner. Restrict your register
usage to registers $s0 - $s7. What is the total
number of instructions used to execute your
solution from 2.20.2 versus the recursive version
of the factorial program?
 Solution:
a.
instructions to execute (corrected version of) recursion.
 FIB:  LOOP:  EXIT:
 addi $sp, $sp, −4  slti $t0, $a0, 3  add $v0, s1, $0
 sw $ra, ($sp)  bne $t0, $0, EXIT  lw $ra, ($sp)
 addi $s1, $0, 1  add $s3, $s1, $0  addi $sp, $sp, 4
 addi $s2, $0, 1  add $s1, $s1, $s2  jr $ra
 add $s2, $s3, $0
 addi $a0, $a0, −1
 j LOOP
 Solution:
b.
instructions to execute (corrected version of) recursion:
 FIB:  LOOP:  EXIT:
 addi $sp, $sp, −4  slti $t0, $a0, 3  add $v0, s1, $0
 sw $ra, ($sp)  bne $t0, $0, EXIT  lw $ra, ($sp)
 addi $s1, $0, 1  add $s3, $s1, $0  addi $sp, $sp, 4
 addi $s2, $0, 1  add $s1, $s1, $s2  jr $ra
 add $s2, $s3, $0
 addi $a0, $a0, −1
 j LOOP
 2.20.6 Show the content of the stack after each
function call, assuming that the input is 4.
 Solution:
a.
Recursive version
 FIB:  L1:
 addi $sp, $sp, −12  addi $a0, $a0, −1

 jal FIB
 sw $ra, 8($sp)
 addi $s1, $v0, $0
 sw $s1, 4($sp)
 addi $a0, $a0, −1
 sw $a0, 0($sp)
 jal FIB
 HERE:
 add $v0, $v0, $s1
 slti $t0, $a0, 3
 EXIT:
 beq $t0, $0, L1
 lw $a0, 0($sp)
 addi $v0, $0, 1  lw $s1, 4($sp)
 j EXIT  lw $ra, 8($sp)
 jr $ra
a.
At label HERE, after calling function FIB with
input of 4:
 old $sp -> 0xnnnnnnnn ???
 −4 contents of register $ra
 −8 contents of register $s1
 $sp -> −12 contents of register $a0
 Solution:
 b.
 Recursive version
 FIB:  L1:
 addi $sp, $sp, −12  addi $a0, $a0, −1
 sw $ra, 8($sp)  jal FIB
 sw $s1, 4($sp)  addi $s1, $v0, $0
 addi $a0, $a0, −1
 sw $a0, 0($sp)
 jal FIB
 HERE:
 add $v0, $v0, $s1
 slti $t0, $a0, 3
 EXIT:
 beq $t0, $0, L1  lw $a0, 0($sp)
 addi $v0, $0, 1  lw $s1, 4($sp)
 j EXIT  lw $ra, 8($sp)
 jr $ra
b.
At label HERE, after calling function FIB with
input of 4:
 old $sp -> 0xnnnnnnnn ???
 −4 contents of register $ra
 −8 contents of register $s1
 $sp -> −12 contents of register $a0

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SOLUTIONS

a. slli $s2, $s4, 1

a. lw $t0, 4($s7) # $t0 <-- B[1]

Find the value of $s0 at the end of the assembly

In the following problems, you will be asked to

a. lui $t1, 0x003f //

a. add $t1, $t0, $0

a. srl $t0, $t0, 11

b. srl $t0, $t0, 11

a. sll $t0, $t0, 27

b. sll $t0, $t0, 27

a. srl $t0, $t0, 29

b. srl $t0, $t0, 29

 sw $ra, 8($sp)  jal FIB

 addi $sp, $sp, −12  addi $a0, $a0, −1

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