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    Azimuths Coordinates

    Uploaded by

    Tamer Abuaita
    This document summarizes concepts related to azimuths, bearings, and plane coordinates in surveying. It defines azimuth as the orientation of objects in the horizontal plane between 0 and 360 degrees. It also discusses back azimuths, exercises to identify azimuth quadrants and calculate backward azimuths, and the relationship between azimuths and bearings. The document explains how to solve the direct and inverse problems to determine coordinates from azimuths and lengths or vice versa. Finally, it provides exercises to practice applying these concepts.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Azimuths Coordinates

    Uploaded by

    Tamer Abuaita
    220 views13 pages
    This document summarizes concepts related to azimuths, bearings, and plane coordinates in surveying. It defines azimuth as the orientation of objects in the horizontal plane between 0 and 360 degrees. It also discusses back azimuths, exercises to identify azimuth quadrants and calculate backward azimuths, and the relationship between azimuths and bearings. The document explains how to solve the direct and inverse problems to determine coordinates from azimuths and lengths or vice versa. Finally, it provides exercises to practice applying these concepts.

    Original Description:

    surveying - azimuth angles

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    This document summarizes concepts related to azimuths, bearings, and plane coordinates in surveying. It defines azimuth as the orientation of objects in the horizontal plane between 0 and 360 degrees. It also discusses back azimuths, exercises to identify azimuth quadrants and calculate backward azimuths, and the relationship between azimuths and bearings. The document explains how to solve the direct and inverse problems to determine coordinates from azimuths and lengths or vice versa. Finally, it provides exercises to practice applying these concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    220 views13 pages

    Azimuths Coordinates

    Uploaded by

    Tamer Abuaita
    This document summarizes concepts related to azimuths, bearings, and plane coordinates in surveying. It defines azimuth as the orientation of objects in the horizontal plane between 0 and 360 degrees. It also discusses back azimuths, exercises to identify azimuth quadrants and calculate backward azimuths, and the relationship between azimuths and bearings. The document explains how to solve the direct and inverse problems to determine coordinates from azimuths and lengths or vice versa. Finally, it provides exercises to practice applying these concepts.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 13

    Birzeit University

    Civil Engineering Department


    Surveying for Civil Engineering
    ENCE337

    Lecture 6- Azimuths and Coordinates

    1
    The Azimuth
    It represents the orientation (direction) of objects in the
    horizontal plane (2D).
    0 < a < 360
    N
    a1
    1 Quadrant Azimuth
    4
    1 0 < a < 90
    a4
    W E
    2 90 < a < 180
    a2
    a3 3 180 < a < 270
    3 2 4 270 < a < 360
    S

    2
    The Back Azimuth

    Every line has two azimuths.


    A forward azimuth (a1-2) and a backward azimuth (a2-1)

    N
    o

    N
    2 a2-1 = a1-2 + 180
    a1-2 a2-1
    1

    Special cases:
    -If the azimuth is greater than 360 degrees, subtract 360 degrees.
    - If the calculated azimuth has a negative value, add 360 degrees.
    Why!!
    3
    Exercise

    • In which quadrants the following azimuths are located:

    123, 87, 245, 341, 18, 322, 184, 217.

    • What are the backward azimuths for the following fore azimuths:

    64, 215, 162, 319.

    • What are the fore azimuths for the following back azimuths:

    115, 82, 236, 341.

    4
    The (Reduced) Bearing
    It represents the orientation in the horizontal plane (2D).

    0 < f < 90
    o
    N N
    4
    f 1
    f
    Quadrant Ex. on Bearings
    S S o
    1 N 42 E
    N N o
    2 S 33 E
    o
    3 S 29 W
    f f
    3 2 o
    4 N 72 W
    S S

    5
    Transformation between the Azimuth and the Bearing

    N
    4 N a
    f 1
    a f
    Quadrant Relation

    1 a=f
    N N o
    2 a = 180 - f
    o
    3 a = 180 + f
    f a
    3 f
    a 2 4
    o
    a = 360 - f

    6
    Exercise

    • Transform the following bearings to azimuths:


    o ‘ “ o ‘ “ o ‘ “
    N 59 28 33 W, S 87 18 51 W, S 24 31 49 E.

    • Transform the following azimuths to bearings:


    o ‘ “ o ‘ “ o ‘ “
    123 29 58 , 81 39 47 , 328 31 17 .

    7
    Relation between plane coordinates and the Azimuth

    N (Z) h
    E2 1
    DE1-2 =E2 – E1

    2
    h1
    (Y) N
    DN1-2 =
    N2– N1 a1-2 E1
    L1-2
    N2 N1
    (X) E
    E1 1

    N1 E

    DE1-2 = E2 – E1 = L1-2 sin a1-2

    DN1-2 = N2 – N1 = L1-2 cos a1-2


    8
    Signs of DE and DN

    Quadrant DE DN

    1 + +

    2 + -

    3 - -

    4 - +

    9
    The Direct Problem

    Unknowns: the coordinates of point 2 (E2, N2).


    Known: the coordinates of point 1 (E1,N1).
    Measurements: L1-2, a1-2.

    Solution: N
    E2
    DE1-2 = L1-2 sin a1-2 DE1-2 =L1-2 sin a1-2

    DN1-2 = L1-2 cos a1-2 2

    E2 = E1 + DE1-2 DN1-2 =
    L1-2 cos a1-2 a1-2
    N2 = N1 + DN1-2 L1-2
    N2

    E1 1

    N1 E

    10
    The Inverse Problem

    Unknowns: L1-2, a1-2.


    Known: the coordinates of points 1 &2 (E1,N1), (E2, N2).

    Solution: N
    E2
    DE1-2 = E2 - E1 DE1-2 =E2 - E1

    DN1-2 = N2 - N1 2

    (L1-2)2 = (DE1-2)2 + (DN1-2)2 DN1-2 =


    N2 - N1 a1-2
    L1-2
    N2
    L1-2 = (DE1-2)2 + (DN1-2 )2
    E1 1
    * Determine the bearing f: N1 E
    f = tan-1 (DE1-2 / DN1-2 )

    * Determine the quadrant from the signs of DE & DN.


    * Determine a1-2 from f1-2 and the quadrant.
    11
    Exercise

    • The coordinates of point 1 are (625.23m, 1250.67m),


    o ‘ “
    the length L1-2 is 126.34m, and the azimuth of the line 1-2 is 126 34 51 .

    • Determine the length and azimuth of the line joining the two points A & B.
    The coordinates of the points A & B are (318.36m, 745.67m)
    and (652.19m, 511.00m), respectively.

    12
    Exercise

    Determine the azimuth of the line 1-2, where the points 1 and 2 were determined
    from the traverse leg A-B given that the coordinates of point A and B are (400,460)
    and (527,861), respectively. The following measurements were also taken:
    i. the length B-2 is 92.54m, the angle 2-B-A is 98 o 12’ 33”,
    ii. the length A-1 is 81.40m, and the angle B-A-1 is 42 o 15’ 00”.

    B
    2

    Water channel

    1
    A

    13

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