DISTRIBUTION

TRANSFORMERS-TYPES

BY
CH.NARASIMHAMURTHY , M.Tech.,
Former Director/NPDCL,Warangal
&
Former Faculty/CIRE/HYDERABAD
 WHAT IS A TRANSFORMER?

Transformer is a static
device which transforms
A.C. Electrical power from
one voltage to another
voltage keeping the
frequency same by
electromagnetic induction.
Ideal Transformer : No Losses

EMF equation of a Transformer :

E1=4.44fN1øm

E2=4.44fN2øm

where N1=No. of turns in Primary

N2=No. of turns in Secondary

ø m = Maximum flux in the core in Webers

 Voltage Transformation ratio (k) :
E2/E1 = N2/N1 = k

(a)Step up Transformer : k>1

(b)Step down Transformer : k<1

 Regulation :

%Regulation = ((E2-V2) / E2) * 100

where, E2 = Secondary Terminal Voltage at no

load

V2 = Secondary Terminal Voltage at load

 Losses in Transformers :
 No load losses(or Core Loss) = Hysteresis loss + Eddy current
loss
 The input power of a transformer, when on no load
measures the core loss.
Load Losses :
I2R losses + Stray losses(losses occurring in the mechanical
structure and winding conductor due to the stray fluxes).
These are measured by short circuit test.
 Efficiency:

% efficiency = ((output)/ input) * 100

 Condition of maximum efficiency : Iron loss = copper loss.

 Various Types of Cooling in
Transformers
Various Types of Cooling in Transformers:

(1)ONAN : OIL NATURAL AIR NATURAL

(2)ONAF : OIL NATURAL AIR FORCE

(3)OFAF : OIL FORCE AIR FORCE

(4)OFWF : OIL FORCED WATER FORCED

 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER

 TRANSFORMER WHICH IS USED FOR THE PURPOSE

OF DISTRIBUTION OF POWER.
 11KV/433V is the standard voltage rating.
 STANDARD KVA ratings are
25,63,100,160,200,250,315,500,630,
1250,1500,2000,2500 KVA.
 IS-2026 is the INDIAN NATIONAL STANDARD.
 MAIN FEATURES

Outdoor,oil cooled, 3 phase,50hz

Primary is delta connected and secondary is star

connected.

Naturally cooled (ONAN type).

Amongst all the types of transformers this is the

most required and most used type.
PARTS OF TRANSFORMER
 MAIN TANK
 RADIATORS
 CONSERVATOR
 EXPLOSION VENT
 LIFTING LUGS
 AIR RELEASE PLUG
 OIL LEVEL INDICATOR
 TAP CHANGER
 WHEELS
 HV/LV BUSHINGS
 FILTER VALVES
 OIL FILLING PLUG
 DRAIN PLUG
 CABLE BOX
 TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERS
• Conventional
• Completely self protected (CSP)
• Amorphous core
• Dry cast resin
• Sealed
 DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
 For High Load Density : 63,100KVA Transformers (rural areas),
16,250.315,500 KVA (urban area)
 Low Initial Demand-25KVA Transformers(Rural area)
 HVDS: 16/25 KVA Transformers

REC SPECIFICATION FOR CONVENTIONAL DISTRIBUTION

TRANSFORMERS:
REC Description Rating
Specification
&Year
2/1971 Outdoor type 3 phase 11 KV/433-250 V for 16,25,63
(R-1997) Conventional Type DTR up & 100 KVA
to and including 100 KVA 10.450 KV/433-250 V for 100
KVA only
 CONVENTIONAL TYPE
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
• Conventional type DTRS(either 1phase or 3 phase) are
manufactured from laminated CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain
Oriented) silicon steel core.
• Laminated CRGO gives low loss at operating flux densities.
• Laminations are assembled in such a way that the
electromagnetic flux is always in the direction of grain
orientation.
• The core clamping structure is designed to take care of all
the forces produced in the windings in the event of any
short circuit.
 CONVENTIONAL TYPE
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
• The CRGO silicon sheet steels have 3% silicon.
• The total loss (eddy current+ hysteresis)value is 1.7 watts
per kg at maximum flux density of 1.6 tesla (1.6 Web/m2).
• Thickness of silicon steel is 0.25 to 0.33 mm.
• Higher silicon content increases the resistivity and reduces
eddy current losses. Silicon content above 3.5% makes the
material brittle. Silicon content of 3-3.25% is used in
commercial grades.
 CONVENTIONAL TYPE
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
Drawbacks:

• The rate of failure of DTRs in India is 20-30% in

different states as compared to 1-2% in advanced
countries

• The protection being provided for the conventional

DTRs proved to be ineffective and inadequate to
protect the DTR from failures
 CONVENTIONAL TYPE
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
Protection for conventional transformers:

Power utilities provide Horn Gap fuse (HG

fuse) on Primary side and rewirable fuse (LT
HG Fuse in some utilities) on LV side of DTR
for protection
 CONVENTIONAL TYPE
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS

Conventional Transformer in Operation

 CONVENTIONAL TYPE
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
Demerits of the conventional protection system:
 Both the HV & LV fuse sets provided externally are exposed to
weather conditions like wind and rain. They become
mechanically weak very soon and blow frequently.
 They are vulnerable for tampering by eager consumers
especially in rural areas who would replace the blown fuses
with the available fuse wires mostly with higher size wires
which can not protect the Transformer from overloads.
 The LT fuse rating is not ensured to blow for secondary faults.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) DTRs
 CSP Technology shows the way out for the distressing
situations arising by usage of conventional type DTRs.
 CSP Technology enables the transformer to protect itself from
faults.
REC SPECIFICATION FOR CSP DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
REC Description Rating
Specification
&Year
23/1983 Outdoor type 3 phase CSP 11 KV/433-250 V for
(R-97) Type DTR up to and 16,25,63 & 100 KVA
including 100 KVA 10.450 KV/433-250 V for 100
KVA only
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) DTRs
• CSP system has three essential components

1. Primary Fuse: Expulsion fuse for internal

protection of transformer

2. Secondary Circuit breaker: For overload and short

circuit protection

3. Surge Arrestor: For lightning protection

COMPLETELY SELF PROTECTED(CSP)
TRANSFORMERS
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
• Coordination of protection system in CSP
Technology is achieved in such a way that the
circuit breaker clears both overload and short
circuit faults on load side, whereas the internal
fuse at HV side mostly takes care of Transformer
winding and other internal faults.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
Primary(HV) Fuse:

Ideally the primary side fuse for an outdoor transformer

should be internally mounted (tamper proof) and the
rating is determined that it should not blow for secondary
faults and exciting current surges. British electricity
authority have found by experience that when fuse is rated
to stand 12 times the full load current for 10 ms it meets
the requirement.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
• If a fault occurs in the windings or in some other part of
transformer, it will cause abnormally large current to flow
and the flow of these currents will cause the fuse to melt
open and clear the circuit.

• In this way, the fault is limited only to those customers who

are served by this particular transformer and service is
maintained on the rest of the system. When this type of fault
exists, the transformer is no longer usable and must be
removed from service and repaired .
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
Secondary (LV) Circuit Breaker:
This provides the overcurrent protection to the DTR. In order
to perform this critical function its thermal characteristics and
the time response to the thermal changes must match those of
the Transformer.
Thermal protection of the transformer:
The average temperature of the transformer winding at any
time, is given by the average oil temperature+ the average
winding temperature rise due to instantaneous load current.
 CSP TRANSFORMERS
• In general the maximum value of the average temperature should
not be exceeded if the transformer is to function satisfactorily over
its normal life. One of the functions of the CB is to make sure that
this pre- determined value of average winding temperature is not
exceeded.
• Maximum oil temperature could also be the limiting constraint. In
many cases oil temperature limits are established recognizing the
inflammability of the insulating oil and these can be the limiting
thermal parameters (instead of average winding temperature) in
certain transformer design.
• The CSP CB, in order to be universally applicable to all transformers
and all thermal constraints ,has protective characteristics which are
sensitive to the same thermal inputs as the transformer.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
The other important function of the CSP Circuit Breaker:
 The CSP CB will respond to secondary faults external to the
transformer by tripping open , and, in most cases, this action
will prevent any thermal damage occurring to the transformer.
This feature is particularly important in areas for the
installations where bare conductors and service lines are used.
The use of bare conductors increases the risk of faults
especially in areas where there is large growth of trees and
vegetation.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
 If the CB trips for a temporary secondary fault, service can
be restored easily by clearing the fault and reclosing the
breaker.

 When the simple action of reclosing the CSP CB is

compared to the action required in case of a non CSP
transformer where either a primary or secondary fuse
must be replaced, the benefit of CSP technology is
apparent.
 CSP TRANSFORMERS
Constructional Features of secondary CB
• The circuit breaker is an electromechanical device with three main
elements viz.,
(1) Temperature sensing
(2) Latching and tripping
(3) Current interrupter
• The temperature sensing function is accomplished through the use of
bimetallic strips which are built into the breaker such that the load
current of the transformer flows through them. The circuit breaker is
mounted inside the transformer so that these bimetallic strips are
within the top oil layer of the transformer. In this way the critical
thermal modeling of the transformer by the circuit breaker is
accomplished because the bimetallic strips are responding thermally
to the temperature of the transformer oil and also to the temperature
changes created by the flow of load current through them.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
• The latching and tripping functions are carried out with an
assembly of parts quite similar to those used in industrial
type CBs. Other features that are built into the latching and
tripping functions are:
-Signal light latch
-Emergency control assembly
-Magnetic trip device
• The circuit breaker can also be opened and closed manually.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
The Signal Light
 A signal light is mounted on the wall of the tank. It gives a visual
external indication that the transformer has reached a specified
level of overload and overload duration at least once, and thus alerts
power utility about the need for enhancement of DTR capacity.
 The signal light circuit is mechanically connected to the circuit
breaker latching and bimetal systems through an auxiliary contact.
The signal light circuit consists of an auxiliary transformer winding
(one turn) which generates about 3 volts, and signal light contacts
set within the circuit breaker. Signal light is mounted on the wall of
the transformer tank.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
 The signal light contacts will close at a preset thermal
condition. This occurs before the main latching system
opens the main contacts.
 The signal light mechanism does not reset itself when the
load drops off: the signal light remains lighted once the
signal light contacts close and can only be turned off by
manually operating the external circuit breaker handle. If,
however the overload has persisted the signal will relight as
soon as the operating handle is restored to its normal
position indicating the need for a larger size transformer.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
The Emergency Control
• Faced with the above situation the utility may prefer to
restore service regardless of possible transformer damage,
i.e., the need for prompt restoration of service overshadows
the concern for the loss of transformer life. To take care of
these situations, the CSP Circuit Breaker can be
manufactured with emergency overload feature.
• The breaker can be specified with the “Standard Emergency
Control" device. A breaker containing the standard
emergency control device can be recalibrated in the field by
operating an auxiliary control lever.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
• Activation of this emergency control lever raises the bimetal
trip temperature by about 25 degrees above the standard
setting, depending upon breaker type. This additional increase
in thermal capacity permits the breaker to be reset and closed
even under the most severe overload conditions.
• However with the breaker at its emergency setting, it can not
provide much thermal protection to the transformer oil and if
load remains at this level or increases the transformer will
probably burn out.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
Magnetic Trip
• The CB is provided with an instantaneous magnetic trip
element in addition to the standard bimetallic thermal
overload trip element. The magnetic trip element increases
the opening speed of the CB under high fault current
conditions. The increased opening speed permits the circuit
breaker to interrupt high value of fault currents than
normal overload currents. The response of the circuit
breaker to thermal action is unchanged by the addition of
the magnetic trip element.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
Lightning(Surge) Arrestor :
• The purpose of the lightning arrestor is to protect the
transformer from insulation damage caused by lighting
induced surges. In order to provide surge protection, the
lightning arrestor diverts the flow of surge current to earth
by changing its impedance characteristic from high resistance
to low resistance and then back to high resistance once the
surge has been diverted. The arrestor appears as an open
circuit to power frequency voltages and as a short circuit to
surge disturbances. All the CSP components are now
available indigenously.
ACCESSORIES AND FITTINGS
1. RATING AND TERMINAL MAKING
PLATE.
2. EARTHING TERMINAL
3. LIFTING LUG
4. C.B OPERATING MECHANISM
5. H.V.BUSHING
6. H.V EPOXY BUSHINGS
7. H.V FUSE LINKS
8. LIGHTNING ARRESTORS
9. L.V BUSHINGS
10. L.V EPOXY BUSHINGS

11. COOLING TUBES

12. CIRCUIT BREAKER

13. EXTENDED PIPE

14. SIGNAL LIGHT

15. BOTTOM CHANNELS

 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
Operation of the CSP Transformer:
• The CSP Circuit Breaker will permit the transformer to function
up to the point where amount and duration of the peak load
begins to cause significant loss of transformer life. When this
point is approached, the signal light will light providing the
electric utility company with the first indication that the loads
on this particular transformer have grown to the point where
significant insulation deterioration can occur. The signal light
as was mentioned earlier, remains lighted once it has been
actuated, unless manually reset at the transformer. The signal
light indication means that the transformer has reached a
specified level of overload and overload duration at least once.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
• At this point several options are open to the customer.
A replacement of this transformer for a larger size
can be planned for at a future convenient date, or the
signal light may be reset to determine if it will light
again indicating that the overload conditions have
become a normal condition at this site & then a
replacement can be planned.
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
Resetting the Breaker:
• When the breaker trips (or the signal light continues to glow)
indicating an overload condition, the breaker (and signal light)
is reset by moving the external operating handle to the
“RESET” position and then to the “CLOSE" position. If the
transformer has returned to a normal operating temperature
and if any excessive load (or secondary fault) has been
removed, reset/close operating mechanism will return the
breaker to its normal operating position by closing the main
contacts and opening the signal circuit contact. The operation
of the external operating handle, is illustrated in the FIGURE.
 POSITION & SEQUENCE OF OPERATIONS OF
EXTERNAL HANDLE OF

C.S.P.TRANSFORMER

Position When CB Position Position After

Resetting After Closing the
In Position
After Closing
After Tripping Breaker
Closed position Tripping Reset
(Move Handle
Upwards To
RESET Position)
 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
• When the breaker trips on overload, the duration of the
cooling time that is required before the breaker can be reset
and closed will depend upon the following conditions:

(i) Transformer‘s oil temperature, which in turn

depends, upon the ambient temperature

(ii) The magnitude and duration of the load which existed just
prior to the tripping of the breaker

(iii) The duration of the time of outage

 COMPLETELY SELF
PROTECTED(CSP) TRANSFORMERS
Conclusion:
• The CSP transformer gives adequate protection against
overloads, short circuit and surges which are the main
causes of failure of majority of the transformers. All the
components required for CSP system are manufactured in
India and the extra cost of CSP transformer is approximately
10% over that of conventional transformer for a typical
rating of 100 KVA. Considering the advantages over
conventional transformers the extra COST is definitely
justified.
 AMORPHOUS METAL CORE
TRANSFORMERS
• T&D losses in India is about 28.65% of the generated energy
This level of losses is very high when compared to the levels of
8 to 10% in advanced countries Every effort wills have to be
made in this context to reduce these losses so that the existing
generation and T&D system can be used to feed more loads.
• The contribution of distribution transformers to this loss
cannot be overlooked. The no-load loss of the distribution
transformer is of great importance since these are present even
when the transformer is under no-load conditions This is
especially important for our rural loads where the load factor is
very low
NO LOAD LOSSES-EDDY CURRENT
LOSSES
 NO LOAD LOSSES-EDDY CURRENT
LOSSES
• Eddy current losses are perpendicular to the main flux
direction.
• Eddy current loss is usually reduced by using thinner
laminations.
• Amorphous metal core transformers have lower eddy
current losses than CRGO core transformer due to very
thin nature of the amorphous metal laminations. CRGO
laminations are usually 0.23mm thick while amorphous
laminations are 0.023mm thick.
 NO LOAD LOSSES-HYSTERESIS LOSSES
• Hysteresis is defined as the magnetization of flux
density(B)behind the magnetizing force(H)
• It is also defined as the quality of the magnetic material due to
which energy will be dissipated in it on the reversal of its
magnetism.
• The area of the hysteresis loop is proportional to the Hysteresis
Loss.
• This raises the temperature of the part where magnetic reversal
occurs . There is no relation with the size of the lamination.
Hysteresis can not be avoided but can be minimized by
selecting proper material.
NO LOAD LOSSES-HYSTERESIS LOSSES
• Hysteresis loops of amorphous and CRGO cores
are shown below:
 AMORPHOUS METAL CORE
TRANSFORMERS
• The use of amorphous metal in place of CRGO steel for the
transformer core reduces the no-load loss (core loss) of the
transformer by 75% approximately. Thus the usage of
Amorphous core Transformers saves energy and thereby
conserve resources.
REC SPECIFICATION FOR AMORPHOUS CORE DTRs
REC Description Rating
Specification
&Year

70/1993 Outdoor type 3 phase Type 11 KV/433-250 V for 16,25,63 &

(R-1997) Amorphous DTR up to and 100 KVA
& including 100 KVA 10.450 KV/433-250 V for 100
73/1997 KVA only
 AMORPHOUS METALS
 The word Amorphous means lacking symmetrical
structure or form. Amorphous metals are a group
of alloys with metallic properties but without the
crystalline lattice of conventional metallic
materials. They have no atomic order, i e., they are
amorphous like frozen-in melt or glass.
Consequently they are frequently referred to as
metallic glasses.
AMORPHOUS METALS
 AMORPHOUS METALS

• The randomness of the molecular structure of

amorphous metal causes less friction than silicon
steel when magnetic field is applied , the resulting
reduction in Hysteresis loss causes amorphous
metal transformers to have significantly lower no
load losses than silicon cored Transformers.
 COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS
METAL & CRGO STEEL
COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF AMORPHOUS METAL & CRGO STEEL
S.No PROPERTIES AMORPHOUS CRGO
METAL SILICON
STEEL
1 Density g/cm3 7.1 5 7.65
2 Specific resistance 130 45
3 Saturation flux Tesla 1.56 2.03
Density
4 Typical core loss 0.20 0.90
Watt/kg at 50 HZ
1.4 Tesla
5 Thickness mm 0.025 0.27
6 Space Factor 0.80 0.97
7 Brittleness Higher Lower
8 Available form Ribbon/Foil (Standard sizes -106 Sheet/Roll
mm, 142.2 mm. 170.2 mm, 213.4 mm)
9 Annealing temperature deg c 360 810
10 Annealing atmosphere Inert gas Inert gas
11 Special annealing requirement Magnetic field annealing Inert gas
 AMORPHOUS METAL CORE TRANSFORMERS
AMORPHOUS CORE TRANSFORMER MANUFACTURE:
 The construction of a transformer utilizing amorphous magnetic material
is fundamentally the same as a conventional transformer. However, due
to the special properties of this material, the manufacturing processes
are different from CRGO steel core. These properties are:
a) Hardness of material is more.
b) Material is very thin.
c) Material require magnetic field annealing.
d) After annealing, material becomes less ductile
 Core manufacturing process (typical):
The typical core manufacturing process with amorphous metal consists
of;
a ) Core winding
b) Core cutting
c) Core forming
d) Magnetic field annealing.
Because of the hardness of the material. special cutting tools are used.
 AMORPHOUS METAL CORE
TRANSFORMERS
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS:
• Amorphous Core Transformers have about 25% of
the core loss when compared to CRGO core
transformers when designed by keeping all other
performance parameters like load loss, impedance,
temperature rise, etc., unchanged.
• A comparison of the no-load losses of standard
ratings of single phase and three-phase oil-filled
distribution transformers is given below:
SI. No Rating of No of Core loss in Core loss Reduction
Transformer phases amorphous in CRGO in losses
(KVA) DTR DTR
(Watts) (Watts)
1 10 1 10 40 75%
2 15 1 15 60 75%
3 25 3 25 100 75%
4 63 3 45 180 75%
5 100 3 60 260 77%
6 200 3 115 470 75%
7 250 3 132 510 74%
 ADVANTAGES OF AMORPHOUS
MATERIAL
• The amorphous core material has 0.15 to 0.25 watt/kg
loss against 0.75 to 0.85 watt/kg of conventional CRGO
transformer.

• Exciting current in amorphous transformers is over

60%less than that in CRGO.

• The Amorphous metal is produced in one step process as

against multiple steps in producing CRGO silicon steel.
 ADVANTAGES OF AMORPHOUS
MATERIAL
• Lower Stacking factor of about 80% against 95-97% in
CRGO.

• High electrical resistivity combined with mechanical

stress and extreme hardness

• Small coactivity and this when combined with high

electrical resistivity causes low magnetic power loss; i.e.
when applied as core material in transformers.
 DISADVANTAGES OF AMORPHOUS
MATERIAL
• Amorphous metal saturates at 1.56 Tesla whereas
CRGO steel saturates at around 2.0 Tesla. Thus
amorphous metal transformers will result in
increase in core size, coil (Conductor
material),tank size and insulating oil.
 DRY TYPE CAST RESIN DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERS
• A Dry-type Transformer is defined as a transformer in which the core
and windings are not immersed in an insulating liquid. A Dry type
Transformer having one or more windings encapsulated in solid
insulation is called an “Encapsulated Winding Dry-type Transformer”,
whereas non-encapsulated winding Dry-type transformer have none
of the windings encapsulated with solid insulation.
• Dry-type Cast Resin Transformers are presently covered under the
category of “Dry-type Transformers” in various national and
international standards.
IS-11171 - Specification for Dry-type Power Transformer
IEC -726 - Dry-type Power Transformers
ANSI C57.12.01 - General requirement for Dry-type Distribution
and Power Transformers.
 DRY TYPE RESIN CAST DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERS
• Fire resistant
• Better Short Circuit Withstand Capability.
• 2 to3 Times expensive
• Ratings- 3Phase.11/.433-.250KV, 25,63,100 kva, Out-Door Type.
• Both HV/LV Windings Impregnated And Cast Under vacuum Into
Moulds of Fibre Glass Reinforced Epoxy Forming Rigid Tubular
Coils
• All Iron Parts Except Core Be Hot Dipped Galvanized.
REC SPECIFICATION FOR DRY TYPE DTRs
REC Spec.No. Description Rating
/ Year0
30/1983 Outdoor type 3 phase 11 KV/433 11 KV/433-250 V for
– 250 V Resin Cast Dry Type DTR 25,63 & 100 KVA ratings
upto and includng 100 KVA
 DRY TYPE CAST RESIN TRANSFORMERS
ADVANTAGES OF CAST RESIN TRANSFORMERS:
Non-hygroscoping insulation:
• The Cast Resin Transformer is non-hygroscopic and hence will not absorb
moisture during service or when stored, whereas the oil cellulose insulation
system used in Oil-filled Transformers have high affinity to moisture and as a
result any ingress of moisture will deteriorate the electrical strength of Oil-
filled Transformers. The non-hygroscopic nature is highly beneficial because
the Transformer can be immediately switched-on, even after a prolonged
shut down.
Fire safety:
• The Cast Resin Transformer is non – inflammable and will not spread fire to
its surroundings or will not explode.
DRY TYPE CAST RESIN TRANSFORMERS
High mechanical strength:
• As the coils are cast in epoxy resin ,the mechanical strength is
extremely high and there is no chance of the Transformer failing
under short circuit. This aspect is of utmost importance in India
where experience shows that short circuit accounts for a large
number of Transformer failures.
No leakage or pilferage of liquids:
• Leakage or pilferage of insulating liquid is a general problem
associated with liquid-filled Transformers and there is no question
of leakage or pilferage of liquid and consequent failures.
Maintenance free:
• Once installed, the Cast Resin Transformers require practically no
maintenance and this saves on operating cost of the equipment.
DRY TYPE CAST RESIN TRANSFORMERS
Protection against corrosive atmosphere:
• The complete vacuum impregnation and filling of the primary
and secondary coils- provide extremely good protection
against atmospheric pollution. The glass reinforced resin
castings are impervious to most common gasses, chemical
fumes etc., and these transformers are best suitable for
industrial applications.
Partial discharge free:
• Due to the special advantages of the glass fibre reinforced
unfilled system, the Cast Resin Transformers are partial
discharge free.
DRY TYPE CAST RESIN TRANSFORMERS
CONCLUSION:
• Cast Resin Transformers manufactured using glass
reinforced unfilled system are superior and it offers
several advantages economy in operation and long life
expectancy. Due to the benefits discussed these are
ideally suitable for application in generating stations,
high rise buildings, hospitals, air-ports, factories
residential areas etc.
 SEALED DISTRIBUTION
TRANSFORMERS
• Problem of Theft of Winding Wire Eliminated..
• No Breather & No conservator Tank.
• Sufficient Volume Of Tank Is Provided To Take Care Of Pressure Created Due
To Expansion Of Oil.
• Provide Welding To The Tank Cover And Body
• Theft / Leakage Of Oil Eliminated.
• Maintenance Free, No Ingress Of Moisture and Reduced Failures.
• Difficulty in Replacement Of Burnt Coils is Experienced.
REC SPECIFICATION FOR SEALED DTRs
REC Description Ratings
Specification/
Year
11/1976 Outdoor type 3 phase sealed 11 KV/433-250 V for 16, 25, 63 &
(R-1988) distribution transformer upto and 100 KVA
including 100 KVA 10.450 KV/433-250 V for 100 KVA
only (wherever specified)
SEALED DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS
• To enable replacement of the outer porcelain bushing without
opening the cover and without effecting the sealing arrangement
of the DTR,HV bushing is made into two parts :

 External porcelain bushing

 Internal bushing made of epoxy and having embedded Stem.

Metal parts of the internal HV bushings inside the transformer
shall remain immersed in oil under all operating conditions.
 TYPICAL HV&LV BUSHING
ARRANGEMENT FOR SEALED
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER