TOPIC 3

SOIL STRESS
 STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN SOIL

• Stress distribution - soil media – Boussinesq theory -

Use of Newmarks influence chart –Components of
settlement –– immediate and consolidation settlement –
Terzaghi‟s onedimensional consolidation theory –
computation of rate of settlement. - √t and log t
methods– e-log p relationship - Factors influencing
compression behaviour of soils.

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 By: Kamal Tawfiq, Ph.D., P.E
Added
Stress
Stress Distribution in Soils
Geostatic
Stress

Geostatic Stresses Added Stresses (Point, line, strip, triangular, circular, rectangular)

Total Stress Westergaard’s Method

Effective Stress (For Pavement)
Pore Water Pressure Bossinisque Equations
1.Point Load
sy Approximate Method
2.Line Load
Total Stress= Effective Stress+ Pore Water Pressure 3.Strip Load sx 1:2 Method
4.Triangular Load txy

stotal = seff + u 5.Circular Load

6.Rectangular Load

Stress Bulbs
Influence Charts Newmark Charts

A
 CONTENT

• TOTAL STRESS
• EFFECTIVE STRESS
• STRESS DISTRIBUTION

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 TOTAL NORMAL STRESS

• Generated by the mass in the soil body, calculated by sum up

the unit weight of all the material (soil solids + water) multiflied by
soil thickness or depth.
• Denoted as s, sv, Po
• The unit weight of soil is in natural condition and the water
influence is ignored.

s    t .z
z = The depth of point

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 EXAMPLE

1m
t,1 = 17 kN/m3 sA = t,1 x 1 m
3m ·A d,1 = 13 kN/m3 = 17 kN/m2

·B sB = t,1 x 3 m

t,2 = 18 kN/m3 = 51 kN/m2

4m
d,2 = 14 kN/m3

sC = t,1 x 3 m + t,2 x 4 m
· C
= 123 kN/m2
2m
t,3 = 18 kN/m3
4m
·D d,3 = 15 kN/m3 sD = t,1 x 3 m + t,2 x 4 m
+ t,3 x 2 m
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 EFFECTIVE STRESS

• Defined as soil stress which influenced by water pressure in soil

body.
• Published first time by Terzaghi at 1923 base on the
experimental result
• Applied to saturated soil and has a relationship with two type of
stress i.e.:
– Total Normal Stress (s)
– Pore Water Pressure (u)
• Effective stress formula

s'  s  u

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 EFFECTIVE STRESS

s'  s  u
s   t .z u   w .z

s'  (  t   w ).z   '.z

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 EXAMPLE

Sand
h1 = 2 m
t = 18.0 kN/m3
MAT
d = 13.1 kN/m3
h2 = 2.5 m

Clay
h3 = 4.5 m
t = 19.80 kN/m3

x
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 EXAMPLE
• Total Stress
s = d,1 . h1 + t,1 . h2 + t,2 . h3
s = 13.1 . 2 + 18 . 2.5 + 19.8 . 4.5
= 160.3 kN/m2

• Pore Water Pressure

u = w . (h2+h3)
u = 10 . 7
= 70 kN/m2

• Effective Stress
s’ = s - u = 90.3 kN/m2

s’ = d,1 . h1 + (t,2 - w) . h2 + (t,2 - w) . h3

s’ = 13.1 . 2 + (18-10) . 2.5 + (19,8-10) . 4.5
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= 90.3 kN/m2
 EXAMPLE
Total Stress (s) Pore Water Pressure (u) Effective Stress (s’)

26.2 kPa 26.2 kPa

-2.0

71.2 kPa 25 kPa 46.2 kPa

-4.5

160.3 kPa 70 kPa 90.3 kPa

-9.0

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Profile of Vertical Stress
 SOIL STRESS CAUSED BY EXTERNAL LOAD

• External Load Types

– Point Load
– Line Load
– Uniform Load

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 LOAD DISTRIBUTION PATTERN

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 STRESS CONTOUR

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 STRESS DISTRIBUTION

• Point Load
P

z 2

1
sz

P
sz  2
z
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 STRESS DISTRIBUTION

• Uniform Load

L
z
B

L+z
B+z

q.B.L
sz 
( B  z )( L  z )
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§ 2.4 Stress due to loading
Stresses beneath point load
• Boussinesq published in 1885 a solution for the stresses
beneath a point load on the surface of a material which
had the following properties:
• Semi-infinite – this means infinite below the surface
therefore providing no boundaries of the material apart
from the surface

• Homogeneous – the same properties at all locations

• Isotropic –the same properties in all directions

• Elastic –a linear stress-strain relationship.

 Vertical Stress Increase with Depth
• Allowable settlement, usually set by building codes, may control the
allowable bearing capacity
• The vertical stress increase with depth must be determined to
calculate the amount of settlement that a foundation may undergo
Stress due to a Point Load
 In 1885, Boussinesq developed a mathematical relationship for
vertical stress increase with depth inside a homogenous, elastic and
isotropic material from point loads as follows:

18
 Stress due to a Circular Load
• The Boussinesq Equation as stated above may be used to derive a
relationship for stress increase below the center of the footing from a
flexible circular loaded area:

19
Linear elastic assumption
I. The Bulb of Pressure

Force
II. The Boussinesq Equation
B. The Equation:

Where v = Poisson’s
Ratio (0.48)

Also an equation for σy

 BOUSSINESQ METHOD

• Point Load
sz 

P 3z 3 
 
P 5/ 2
2 r 2  z 2

P
s z  2 NB
z z

sz

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 BOUSSINESQ METHOD

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 BOUSSINESQ METHOD
• Line Load

2q z 3
q
sz 
 x4

x x z2  r2
z

sz

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 BOUSSINESQ METHOD

• Uniform Load
– Square/Rectangular
– Circular
– Trapezoidal
– Triangle

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 BOUSSINESQ METHOD
• Rectangular

y
m = x/z
x
n = y/z
qo

s z  qo  2

1  2mn m 2  n 2  1 m 2  n 2  2 
 tan

1  2mn m  n  1 
2 2 

4  m  n  1  m n

2 2 2

x 2
m n 12
  2 2 
 m  n  1  m n  
2 2

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 BOUSSINESQ METHOD
• Rectangular

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 BOUSSINESQ METHOD
• Circular

2r
At the center of circle (X = 0)
  2 1 , 5 
 r  
s z  q o 1  1     
 
  z  
 
 

For other positions (X  0),

z
Use chart for finding the influence
factor
sz

x
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 BOUSSINESQ METHOD
• Circular

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 BOUSSINESQ METHOD

• Trapezoidal

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 BOUSSINESQ METHOD
• Triangle

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 EXAMPLE

• The 5 m x 10 m area uniformly loaded with 100 kPa

Y E A

5m

H I
D F

5m

B
C G J
5m 5m 5m
• Question :
1. Find the at a depth of 5 m under point Y
2. Repeat question no.1 if the right half of the 5 x 10 m area were loaded
with an additional 100 kPa
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 EXAMPLE

Question 1
Item Area
YABC -YAFD -YEGC YEHD
x 15 15 10 5
y 10 5 5 5
z 5 5 5 5
m = x/z 3 3 2 1
n = y/z 2 1 1 1
I 0.238 0.209 0.206 0.18
sz 23.8 - 20.9 -20.6 18.0

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sz total = 23.8 – 20.9 – 20.6 + 18 = 0.3 kPa
 EXAMPLE

Question 2
Item Area
YABC -YAFD -YEGC YEHD
x 15 15 10 5
y 10 5 5 5
z 5 5 5 5
m = x/z 3 3 2 1
n = y/z 2 1 1 1
I 0.238 0.209 0.206 0.18
sz 47.6 - 41.9 -43.8 38.6

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sz total = 47.6 – 41.9 – 43.8 + 38.6 = 0.5 kPa
 Newmark’s
Influence Chart
• The Newmark’s Influence Chart
method consists of concentric circles
drawn to scale, each square
contributes a fraction of the stress
• In most charts each square contributes
1/200 (or 0.005) units of stress
(influence value, IV)
• Follow the 5 steps to determine the
stress increase:
1. Determine the depth, z, where you
wish to calculate the stress
increase
2. Adopt a scale of z=AB
3. Draw the footing to scale and place
the point of interest over the center
of the chart
4. Count the number of elements that
fall inside the footing, N
5. Calculate the stress increase as:

36
 NEWMARK METHOD

s Z  q o .I .N

Where :
qo = Uniform Load
I = Influence factor
N = No. of blocks

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 NEWMARK METHOD
• Diagram Drawing
  2 1 , 5   2/ 3

1/ 2
   
r  r  sz 
s z  q o 1  1       
1  q   1
 
  z  
  z 
 o  

 

1. Take sz/qo between 0 and 1, with increment 0.1 or other, then find r/z value
2. Determine the scale of depth and length
Example : 2.5 cm for 6 m
3. Calculate the radius of each circle by r/z value multiplied with depth (z)
4. Draw the circles with radius at step 3 by considering the scale at step 2

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 NEWMARK METHOD

• Example, the depth of point (z) = 6 m

sz/qo r/z Radius (z=6 m) Radius at drawing Operation

0.1 0.27 1.62 m 0.675 cm 1.62/6 x 2.5 cm

0.2 0.40 2.40 m 1 cm 2.4/6 x 2.5 cm

0.3 0.52 3.12 m 1.3 cm 3.12/6 x 2.5 cm

0.4 0.64 3.84 m 1.6 cm 3.84/6 x 2.5 cm

And so on, generally up to sz/qo  1 because if sz/qo = 1 we get r/z = 

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 NEWMARK METHOD

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 EXAMPLE
• A uniform load of 250 kPa is applied to the loaded area shown in next
figure :

• Find the stress at a depth of 80 m below the ground surface due to the
loaded area under point O’

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 EXAMPLE

Solution :
– Draw the loaded area such that
the length of the line OQ is scaled
to 80 m.
– Place point O’, the point where
the stress is required, over the
center of the influence chart
– The number of blocks are
counted under the loaded area
– The vertical stress at 80 m is then
indicated by : sv = qo . I . N

sv = 250 . 0.02 . 8 = 40 kPa

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 Simplified Methods
• The 2:1 method is an approximate method of calculating the
apparent “dissipation” of stress with depth by averaging the stress
increment onto an increasingly bigger loaded area based on 2V:1H.
• This method assumes that the stress increment is constant across
the area (B+z)·(L+z) and equals zero outside this area.
 The method employs
simple geometry of an
increase in stress
proportional to a slope
of 2 vertical to 1
horizontal
 According to the
method, the increase
in stress is calculated
as follows:

43
 Westergaard' s Theory of stress distribution

• Westergaard developed a solution to determine

distribution of stress due to point load in soils composed of
thin layer of granular material that partially prevent lateral
deformation of the soil.

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 Westergaard' s Theory of stress distribution

• Assumptions:
(1) The soil is elastic and semi-infinite.
(2) Soil is composed of numerous closely spaced
horizontal layers of negligible thickness of an infinite rigid
material.
(3) The rigid material permits only the downward
deformation of mass in which horizontal deformation is
zero.

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 WESTERGAARD METHOD

• Point Load
P.a 1
sz  1  2
2z 2   2 3/ 2 a
r  2  2
a    
2


 z 


P 1
=0 sz 
z 2  2 3/ 2
r 
1  2  

 z 

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 WESTERGAARD METHOD

P
s z  2 Nw
z

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 WESTERGAARD METHOD

• Circular Uniform Load

 
 a 
s z  qo  1 


 z
a r
2 



1  2
a
2  2
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 WESTERGAARD METHOD

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 BOUSSINESQ VS WESTERGAARD

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 BOUSSINESQ VS WESTERGAARD

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 BOUSSINESQ VS WESTERGAARD

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