Telephone

Service

Telephone System
Handset

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 FUNCTIONS OF THE
TELEPHONE SET
• TO CALL THE LOCAL EXCHANGE
• TO TRANSMIT THE DESIRED SUBSCRIBER’S
NUMBER
• TO RECEIVE DIFFERENT TONE SIGNALS
• TO ANNOUNCE INCOMING CALLS
• TO TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE SPEECH
• TO ORDER THE CLEARING OF CONNECTION

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 PARTS OF A TELEPHONE
INSTRUMENT
• HANDSET
– CONTAINS THE TRANSMITTER AND THE RECEIVER
– THE TRANSMITTER CONVERTS THE SOUND INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNAL.
IT IS A CARBON TYPE MICROPHONE.
– THE RECEIVER CONVERTS THE ELECTRICAL SIGNAL INTO SOUND
WAVES. IT IS A DYNAMIC TYPE SPEAKER.
• RINGER / ALERTER
– USEDTO ANNOUNCE INCOMING CALL
– IT IS A SPEAKER IN ELECTRONIC TELEPHONE SET
– IT IS MADE-UP OF AN ARMATURE AND A GONG IN ANALOG TYPE
INSTRUMENT (BELL)

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• HYBRID / SPEECH CIRCUIT
– USED TO MINIMIZE THE SIDETONE
– MATCHES THE FOUR WIRE (RX & TX) TO THE TWO OF THE
SUBSRCIBER’S LOOP

• TRANSMISSION REGULATION CIRCUIT

– USED TO SET THE DESIRED SIGNAL LEVEL AT THE
TELEPHONE INSTRUMENT

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Hybrid Circuit

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Voice Bandwidth

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 PSTN
 The Public Switched Telephone Network
– Worldwide
– A call may cross many telephone company
boundaries

 Also Known as POTS

– Plain old telephone service
– “Old” “Uninteresting”

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 The Traditional Telephone
System
 Customer Premises
 Local Loop
 Switching Office
– End Office
 Trunk Lines

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PSTN Network Hierarchy

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 Customer Premises
 Your home or office
 You control service on your premises
– Beyond your premises, you need a telephone
carrier

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 Local Loop
 Line between your premises and the
first telephone company switching
office
– Limits your transmission speed
– Usually a single twisted pair of copper
wire
– Businesses may use higher-speed links
– “The Last Mile,” although often 2-4 miles

Local Loop

Customer Premises Switching Office 12

 Switching Offices

 Connect Telephone Callers

– Can support many simultaneous connections

Switching Office
Local
Loop

Connection

Customer Customer
Premises Premises
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 Hierarchical Organization of
Switches
 Classes (1-5)
Class 3

Class 4 Class 4

Class 5 Class 5

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 Trunk Lines
 A voice frequency circuit connecting two telephone
switching centers.
 Used for NDD and IDD
 All lines except local loop

Trunk
Trunk Lines
Line

Local
Local
Loop
Loop

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 VIA NET LOSS (VNL) DESIGN
Design Objectives:

1. The need for sufficiently low transmission loss to

give natural received volume and minimum contrast
in received volume from call to call.
2. The need for sufficiently high transmission loss to
ensure satisfactory performance from the stand-
point of talker echo and near singing.

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 VNL PLAN
• The total amount of over-all loss is distributed
throughout the trunk segments of the connection of
loss according to echo characteristic of each
segment.

1. Toll connecting trunks: VNL + 2dB

2. Inter-toll trunks w/o echo suppressor: VNL
3. Inter-toll trunks w echo suppressor: 0dB

• Echo suppressor is an electronic circuit which is inserted into a four wire

trunk path effectively to block the passage of the reflected energy signal
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Echo suppressor

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 VIA NET LOSS
• A concept or method of transmission planning that permits a
relatively close approach to an overall zero transmission loss
in the telephone network and maintains singing and echo
within specified limits.
L = one-way length of the trunk

Vp = velocity of propagation in
m/ms

△t = one way propagation time

delay in ms

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 Sample Problem
• A telephone signal from primary center takes
11.8 ms to reach a sectional center. Calculate
the VNL required for an acceptable amount of
echo.

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 Customer Premises
Equipment
 Private Branch Exchanges (PBXs)
– Internal telephone network
– PBX is the switch
– Wiring to individual telephones
– Telephones themselves
– Lines to carriers for incoming, outgoing calls

Company
Carriers
Phones
PBX
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 Building Telephone Wiring
 In the Basement
– Line from carrier
– Termination Equipment protects carrier line
– PBX
– Wiring bundle (many pairs) out of PBX

PBX

Wiring Bundle
Termination Equipment
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 PBX Networks

 PBXs at different sites work together

– Connected by leased lines
– You can dial any telephone in the firm
Leased
Line

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 PBX User Services
 Speed Dialing
– Dial a number using a 1- or 2-digit code
 Last Number Redial
– Easy redial of last number called
 Display of Called Number
– Display shows the number you dialed
– Allows you to check for dialing errors

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 PBX User Services
 Call Waiting
– You are on the phone
 Hold
– Place someone on hold
 ANI
– Automatic Number Identification
– Displays number of calling extension when
your phone rings
 Conferencing
– 3-party calling
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 PBX User Services

 Call Transfer
– You will be away from you desk
– Calls go automatically to a phone near you
 Call Forwarding
– Someone calls you
 Voice Mail
– Can leave messages

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 Telephone Number Plans
• Telephone numbers are a hierarchical address
method.
• United States telephone numbers can be broken into
three basic parts: a three digit area code, a three
digit exchange, and a four digit subscriber number.
• To make a telephone call at a minimum the exchange
plus the subscriber number must be dialed.

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 System Signaling
• In addition to carrying the actual voice signals, the
telephone system must also carry information about
the call itself
• This is referred to as system signaling or inter-office
signaling
• There are two approaches to system signaling: in
band and out of band
• Most home telephones use in band signaling across
analog local loop

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 Dial Pulse Signaling

MAKE takes 40 ms
BREAK takes 60 ms
IDI takes 500 ms
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Touch-Tone Dialing

An average of
50 to 250 ms
for every
dialed digit

Another 50 to
250 ms for
inter-digit
interval.

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 Sample Problem
• Calculate the time saved in dialing 640-8267
using DTMF system over PD system.

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Signaling System 7 Protocols

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 SS7
• - controls the structure and transmission of
both circuit-related and non-circuit related
information via out-of-band signaling between
central office switches.
• - delivers the out-of-band signaling via a
packet switched network physically separate
from the circuit switched network that carries
the actual voice traffic.

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 Subscriber loop Signaling
Signal From To Function

Off - Hook User C.O. Informs central office that the user wants to
place a call
On - Hook User C.O. Informs central office that the user terminates
the connection
Dial Tone C.O. User Informs user that the central office is ready to
accept dialing
Busy Signal C.O. User Informs user that the destination phone is
already in use.
Ringback Tone C.O. User Informs user that the destination phone is
ringing.
Ringing Voltage C.O. User Special voltage sent by C.O. to cause a phone’s
bell to ring.
Touch-Tone User C.O. Informs central office of call destination

Flash User C.O. A combination of the on-hook and off-hook

signals: often used to pick up a waiting call.
Call waiting Tone C.O. User Informs user that another call is waiting on the
line.
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 Frequency Parameter
350 440 480 620
Signaling Hz Hz Hz Hz Cadence

X X Continuous
Dial Tone

X X 0.5 sec ON
Busy Tone 0.5 sec OFF

X X 2 sec ON
Ringing Tone 4 sec OFF

X single 0.5 sec

Call-waiting tone pulse
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 Telephone Standards
Item Standards

On Hook Line open circuit, min dc resistance 30 kΩ

Off Hook Line closed circuit, max dc resistance 200 Ω

Battery Voltage - 48V

Operating Current 20 to 80 mA (40 mA typical)

Subscriber loop resistance 0 to 1300 Ω, (3600 Ω max)

Loop loss 8 dB typical, 17 dB max

Ringing Voltage 90 Vrms

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 Voice Digitization
• The analog POTS system has been supplanted in the
modern telephone system by a combination of
analog and digital transmission technologies.

• Converting a voice conversation to digital format and

back to analog form before it reaches its destination
is completely transparent to phone network users

• There are a limited ways the electrical pulses can be

varied to represent an analog signal

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PAM

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PDM

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PPM

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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

 Audio is sampled 8,000

times per second
 Each sample contains
8 bits

• Digitized signal
10000000 11000000 10100000 11100100 10000000 . . .
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 41
 SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
• MANUAL SWITCHING
– USED SWTICH BOARDS MAN BY OPERATORS
• STEP BY STEP
– USED STROWGER SWITCH
– CONSISTS OF LINE FINDER, SELECTOR & CONNECTOR
• CROSSBAR SWITCHING
– USED COMMON CONTROL SWITCHING
– USED CROSSPOINT CONNECTIONS
– ALLOWS ALTERNATE ROUTE
• ELECTRONIC SWITCHING SYSTEM
– ADDS MORE FEATURES IN THE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

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MANUAL SWITCHING

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STEP BY STEP

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45
CROSSBAR

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ESS

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